Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Drive Theories | seeking homeostasis (or a state of equilibrium or stability) |
| Motivation | internal state motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce tension |
| Incentive Theories | regulation by external stimuli such as money, food, etc |
| Evolutionary Theories | maximizing reproductive success |
| Natural Selection | explains affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggression and sex drive in terms of adaptive value |
| Glucostatic Theory | fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored by glucostats. Neurons are sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid |
| Insulin | secreted by the pancreas and it must be present for cells to use blood glucose; when insulin levels increase, hunger increases |
| Leptin | released from fat cells into the bloodstream |
| Leptin Signals | stimulates the hypothalamus about fat stores in the body; causes a decrease in hunger; high fat increases leptin levels |
| Food Related Cues | Appearance, odor, effort required |
| Stress Cues in Eating and Hunger | there is a link between heightened arousal/ negative emotion and overeating |
| Dieters Research | they are more likely to respond to stress with eating; it is unclear whether stress induced eating is caused by physiological arousal or negative emotion |
| Obesity | overweight, significant health problem, elevates mortality risk |
| Evolutionary Explanations of Overeating and Obesity | Since there is a change in food supply; animals compete for food and since evolving from apes and competing for food we now have it readily available- now food is abundant and reliable |
| BMI configuration | weight in kilograms divided by height in meters, squared |
| Set Point | a natural point of stability in body weight- related to fat cell levels |
| Keesy | discovered that we have a set point; that is when fat stores slip below a crucial level, hunger increases and metabolism decreases |
| Settling- point theory | weight hovers near the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieves an equilibrium |
| Hormonal Regulation | estrogen, androgen and testosterone |
| Pheromones | a chemical secreted by one animal that affects the behavior of another; usually detected by the sense of smell; responsible for synchronized menstrual cycles among women who live together |
| Masters and Johnson | used physiological recording devices to monitor the bodily changes of volunteers engaging in sexual activity |
| 4 Stages of Sex | 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution |
| Excitement | initial arousal, escalates quickly; muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and BP increase; vasocongestion- engorgement of blood vessels occurs in the genitals |
| Plateau | physiological arousal continues to build but at a slower rate |
| Orgasm | when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area |
| Resolution | subside physiological arousal; males experience a refractory period after orgasm, unresponsive to further stimulation |
| Aphrodisiacs | substances thought to increase sexual desire |
| Erotic Materials | elevate sexual desire only for a few hours, but may have enduring effect on attitudes about sex |
| Aggressive Pornography | may make sexual coercion seem less offensive and may contribute to date rape |
| Coolidge Effect | a new sexual partner revives sexual interest |
| Sexual Orientation | a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex or either sex |
| Freud Theory Explaining Homosexuality | a person must identify with the same sex parent or homosexuality results |
| Behaviorists Theory Explaining Homosexuality | homosexuality is learned through conditioning |
| Anatomical difference between Gay and Straight Men | the size of the anterior hypothalamus; gay men have a 50% smaller AH than straight men |
| Interactionists Theory Explaining Homosexuality | genes and prenatal hormones shape a child's temperament which initiates a chain of events than ultimately shapes sexual orientation |
| Achievement Motive | the need to excel |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | both affiliation and achievement motivation are measured in this projective test; requires a subject to write and tell stories about what is happening in pictures of people in ambiguous scenes |
| The elements of emotional experience | 1. Cognitive component 2. Physiological Component 3. Behavioral Component |
| Subjective Conscious Experience | subjective feelings with an evaluative aspect- cognitive appraisal |
| Physiological Component | Bodily arousal, responsible for flight-or- fight response |
| Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) | measures autonomic activation; measures autonomic fluctuations while a person is questioned |
| Limbic System | the emotional circuit; includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, etc) |
| LeDoux | said the amygdala plays a particularly central role in modulating emotions |
| James- Lange Theory of Emotion | feel afraid because pulse is racing |
| Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion | thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic NS |
| Schacter's Two Factor Theory | look to external cues to decide what to feel; feel autonomic arousal and look around to see why |
| Evolutionary Theories of Emotion | innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation |
| Plutchik | discussed how primary emotions blend together to form secondary emotions; various emotions involve one primary emotion experience at different levels of intensity |
| What is important is deciding happiness | Subjective rather than objective |
| Hedonic Adaptation | people often adapt to their circumstances |
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