Coombs - APES Chapter 13
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coombsbiology Plus on November 16, 2011
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APES ap environmental science Chapter vocal reviews tiff, Queens of 2012
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Golden Rice | gene from daffodil added to allow for beta carotene production and increased vitamin A nutrition for people in developing countries |
| Food Security | every person in a given area has access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy life |
| Malnutrition | diet is deficient in protein, calories or other key nutrients |
| Macronutrients | needed in large amounts to remain healthy; ex: protein, carbohydrates, fats/lipids |
| Micronutrients | needed in smaller amounts to remain healthy; ex: vitamins and minerals |
| Chronic Undernutrition / Hunger | not being able to grow or buy enough food to meet ones basic energy needs |
| Famine | widespread food shortage accompanied by an increase in the death rate |
| Overnutrition | food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes body fat to accumulate |
| Yield | amount of a crop or food item that is harvested per unit area; ex: how many tons of fish are harvested per hectare; how many bushels of corn are harvested per hectare |
| Industrialized Agriculture / High Input Agriculture | uses large amounts of fossil fuel energy, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops (monocultures) and livestock for sale/profit |
| Plantation Agriculture | type of industrialized agriculture common in tropical developing countries where cash crops are grown on large monoculture plantations |
| Cash Crops | typically grown on plantation style farms in tropical developing countries; ex: bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, vegetables |
| Feedlots / Animal Factories | common in industrialized agriculture when raising livestock; high density areas of animals raised while using high amounts of energy and water and creating dense areas of animal waste |
| Agribusiness | industrialized farming in the U.S.; giant multinational corporations control the growing, processing, distribution, and sale of food in the U.S. and in the global marketplace; ex: Monsanto, Tyson |
| Traditional Subsistence Agriculture | uses moslty human and animal labor to produce only enough food for a farm family |
| Traditional Intensive Agriculture | increased inputs in labor, fertilizer, water to obtain higher yields and produce enough extra food to sell for profit |
| Interplanting | growing several crops on the same plot of land simultaneously |
| Polyvarietal Cultivation | type of interplanting; planting a plot with several genetic varieties of the same crop |
| Intercropping | type of interplanting; two or more different crops are grown at same time on same plot |
| Agroforestry / Alley Cropping | type of interplanting; crops and trees or shrubs are grown together |
| Polyculture | type of interplanting; many different plants are grown together |
| Monoculture | one type of crop (typically same genetic variety) grown on large expanses of land |
| Topsoil | A-Horizon of soil profile; most important horizon of soil for crop production; easily eroded away by overcultivation |
| Soil Erosion | movement of soil components (especially surface litter and topsoil) by wind or water |
| Sheet Erosion | surface water or wind peel off thin sheets or layers of soil |
| Rill Erosion | fast-moving little rivulets of surface water make small channels in the soil |
| Gully Erosion | rivulets of fast-moving water join together and cut wider deeper ditches or gullies |
| 1985 Food Security Act | also called "Farm Act"; farmers receive a subsidy for taking highly erodible land out of production and planting it with soil saving grass or trees for 10-15 years |
| Desertification | productive potential of drylands falls by 10% due to natural climate change or overcultivation of the soils and degradation of topsoil |
| Salinization | soil becomes more salty due to irrigation; irrigation water contains trace minerals and salts that are left behind daily as water evaporates and over time soil becomes salty |
| Waterlogging | happens due to overirrigation in an attempt to leach salts from soil; causes soil to be saturated with water and water table levels may actually rise |
| Soil Conservation | any measure aimed at using soil in a more sustainable way so that the topsoil will not be eroded or degraded |
| Conservation-Tillage Farming | type of soil conservation and BMP; also called no-till farming; soil is sliced open and new crop is planted without tilling and loosening the soil |
| Terracing | growing food on steep slopes by creating flat terraced areas across the slope of the land |
| Contour Farming | plowing and planting crops in rows going across the slope of the land |
| Strip Cropping | alternating strips of a row crop like corn or cotton with another crop that covers the ground like a grass or grass-legume mixture |
| Cover Crops | planting a crop to remain on soil throughout the growing season (even during winter) to hold soil in place |
| Windbreaks / Shelterbelts | trees planted around crops to reduce wind and soil erosion |
| Organic Fertilizer | anything that supplements the soils nutrients and comes from natural plant or animal products |
| Commercial Inorganic Fertilizer | man-made substances comprised of various minerals and nutrients used to supplement the soil |
| Animal Manure | dung and urine of various animals and livestock used to supplement soil |
| Green Manure | freshly cut or growing green vegetation plowed into soil |
| Compost | produced when microorganisms in soil break down organic material like leaves, food waste, paper and wood in presence of oxygen |
| Crop Rotation | farmers plant nutrient depleting crops one year (like corn) and then alternate with by planting legumes the next year so that they can fix nitrogen and add nitrogen back to the soil |
| Green Revolution | has allowed increase in yields since 1950's mainly due to high-yield monocultures, increased use of fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides |
| Second Green Revolution | mainly aimed at developing countries with tropical climates; fast growing dwarf varieties of rice developed to be used in places like India and China |
| Agrobiodiversity | world's genetic variety of animals and plants |
| Cross Breeding | using artificial selection to mix varieties of plants and/or animals to develop new varieties of crops and livestock with beneficial traits |
| Genetically Modified Food (GMF) | splicing gene from one species and inserting it into another species to improve the quality of a food crop or food item |
| Gene Revolution | a third green revolution where focus is on genetic engineering of foods and development of GMF's to increase yield or crop productivity |
| fisheries | concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean or inland body of water |
| Aquaculture | raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages instead of going out to gather them |
| Fish Farming | cultivating fish in a controlled environment and harvesting when they reach a desired size |
| Fish Ranching | holding anadromous species, (like salmon) that live part of life in freshwater and part of life in saltwater, in captivity for first years of life; fish are released and then harvested when they come back to spawn |
| Pest | any unwanted organism that does ecomomic damage |
| Pesticide | any chemical that can kill unwanted organisms that are doing economic damage |
| Insecticide | type of pesticide that kills insects |
| Herbicides | type of pesticide that kills plants |
| Fungicides | type of pesticide that kills fungi |
| Rodenticides | type of pesticide that kills rodents like mice and rats |
| Broad-Spectrum Agents | pesticides that are not selective and kill a wide range of organisms - often kill non-targeted organisms |
| Selective / Narrow-Spectrum Agents | pesticides that kill a specific pest or small number of specific pests |
| Persistence | how long a chemical or pesticide remains in the environment before being broken down into less harmful substances or chemicals; ex: DDT had a high persistence which allowed it to bioaccumulate and then biomagnify up the food chain and cause the decline of many predatory bird species like the bald eagle |
| USDA | U.S. Deparment of Agriculture |
| FDA | Food and Drug Adminisration |
| FIFRA | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act; law that requires pesticides be tested and approved to determine their environmental and human health risks; only 10% of pesticides have gone through this testing/approval process |
| Food Quality Protection Act | requires the EPA to reduce the allowed levels of pesticide residues on food by a factor of 10 when there is inadequate information on the potentially harmful effects on children |
| Biological Pest Control | control of pest populations by natural predators, parasites, or disease-causing bacteria and viruses (pathogens) |
| IPM | Integrated Pest Management; using a combination of various pest control strategies to reduce a pest population; pesticides can be used but are usually used as a last resort and small doses of selective/narrow-spectrum agents |
| 100 Percent Organic | food must be produced without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, antibiotics, growth hormones, genetic modification |
| Organic | at least 95% of the ingredients must be organic and 100% natural |
| Organic Meat | animals raised on organic feed, no steroids or growth hormones given, antibiotics only given to treat disease, must have access to outdoors |
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