Bio Ch 8
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 heredity | the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| genetics | the branch of Biology that focuses on heredity |
| monohybrid cross | a cross that involves 1 pair of contrasting traits (eg: crossing purple flowers with white flowers) |
| true-breeding | describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
| p generation | parent generation; the first two individuals that are crossed in a breeding experiment |
| F1 generation | the offspring of the P generation; filial generation |
| F2 generation | the offspring of the F1 generation; the second filial generation |
| allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic (eg: hair color) |
| dominant | Genetic trait that is expressed when its allele is homozygous or heterozygous |
| recessive | an allele for a trait that will be masked unless the organism is homozygous for this trait |
| homozygous | when two alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are the same |
| heterozygous | when two alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are the different |
| genotype | an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations |
| phenotype | an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits |
| law of segregation | Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
| law of independent assortment | Mendelian principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other |
| Punnett square | a diagram that predicts the outcome of a genetic cross by considering all possible combinations of gametes |
| test cross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| probability | the likelyhood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event |
| pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurance of a genetic trait in several generations of a family |
| sex-linked gene | a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans |
| polygenic inheritance | a characteristic of an organism that is determined by many genes |
| incomplete dominance | a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
| multiple alleles | more than two alleles (versions of the gene) for a genetic trait |
| codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
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