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Sigmund Freud Founder of the Psychoanalytic Theory Eros (Life) Thanatos (Death) Two Drives that Shape Behavior according to the Psychoanalytic Theory Aggression Thanatos is characterized in? Sex, Love Eros is characterized in? Id, Ego, Superego Three Aspects of Human Personality (according to Freud) Pleasure Principle The Id operates according to the? Instant Gratification Pleasure principle is synonymous with? Libido The psychic energy that drives personality Reality Principle The Ego Operates in accordance with the? Delayed Gratification The reality principle is synonymous with? Satisfy and control the Id Function of the Ego Super-Ego Consists of an ego-ideal and the conscience Conscience Tells how we should behave Ego- Ideal Our ideal self Erogenous Zones, Sigmund Freud ___________ are zones of Psychosexual development according to ___________. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Stages of Psychosexual Development (in order) Stopping Breastfeeding Primary conflict at the Oral Stage is Fixation Not resolving a psychosexual conflict at an early age will result in a halt in development, and a ___________ at the given stage. Oral Aggresion The fixation associated with the oral stage results in dependent Having an orally _________ fixation results in a person being gullible Toilet Training Primary conflict at the Anal Stage? Anal Retentive/Expulsive A fixation at the Anal stage will result in a person being Oedipus Complex The conflict for BOYS during the Phallic Stage is the Elektra Complex The conflict for GIRLS during the Phallic Stage is the Identification with the Father The result of a BOY avoiding fixation at the Phallic Stage is Identification with the Mother The result of a GIRL avoiding fixation at the Phallic Stage is Latency No sexual feelings arise during the __________ stage. Genital, Adolescence This stage begins at the the onset of ___________, and allows for the formation of complete human relationships. Repression The minds standard defense mechanism, avoid thinking about certain thoughts Defense Mechanisms How the ego copes with anxiety Denial This defense mechanism is also known as extreme repression, where certain thoughts cannot possibly exist. Projection This defense mechanism puts our own feelings/disagreeable qualities on to others Reaction Formation This defense mechanism causes us to react oppositely to a given stimuli (We cannot kill our kid, so we show him alot of affection) Adams, Homophobia In a study by __________, _________ is thought to be a reaction formation to ones own homosexuality. Regression This defense mechanism converts us back to a younger self to avoid the issue (Characteristic of whining, thumb sucking, and tantrums) Rationalization This defense mechanism explains away shortcomings to maintain self esteem Displacement This defense mechanism causes us to take out our anger on sources other than the primary stimuli Identification This defense mechanism helps us identify with the behavior of someone we feel is superior Sublimation This defense mechanism transfers unethical thoughts into positive actions Karen Horney Discovered women's gender anxiety comes from power envy not penis envy Neo-Freudians, sex ________ Revised Freud's theories on the basis that they were too focused on _________ Carl Jung Theorized on collective unconcious, archetypes, and extroversion and interversion Alfred Adler Theorized on the aspect that humans are constantly striving for superiority drives According to Adler, sense of inferiority __________ behavior Karen Horney Theorized that basic anxiety is a motivating factor for behavior Collective Unconscious There is a _______________ that spans across human history and culture according to Carl Jung Archetype Important aspects of human existence carried across history Fairytales Example of an Archetype Dimensions of Personality Extroversion and Introversion are ________________ in which a person is either sociable or anti-social Maslow This psychologist believed that personality can be described in two ways. Either there is deficiency orientation and growth orientation Deficiency Orientation Always searching for imperfection Growth Orientation Focused on growth Self-Actualization Drive to fill potential Congruence Not acting with ____________ leads to anxiety Trait Theory The belief that personality is made up of a combination of different traits Gordon Allport Believed there are 200 personality traits divided between central, secondary, and cardinal traits Trait Relatively stable predisposition to behave a certain way Central Trait Most Observable Traits (according to Allport) Secondary Trait Not as constant as central trait (according to Allport) Cardinal Trait Single dominant, defining trait (according to Allport) Cardinal Trait Not everyone has a _________________. Raymond Cattell Used factor analysis to come up with 16 factors of personality, divided into source traits and surface traits Source Trait An underlying fundamental dimension of personality (According to Cattell) Surface Trait Superficial Trait based on combination of Source Traits (According to Cattell) The Big Five Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism universal The Big 5 are predominantly _________________ Openness Relates to how open people are to new experiences Conscientiousness Relates to how reliable/organized a person is Extraversion Relates to how outgoing a person is Agreeableness Relates to a person's attitudes toward others Neuroticism Relates to a person's emotional stability not A person low in openness is ___________ open to new experiences high A person __________ in conscientiousness is likely to be professionally successful High/Low A person ________ in extraversion is likely to be sociable; A person _________ in extraversion is likely to be shy/passive Low/High A person _____________ in neuroticism is likely to be emotionally stable; a person ________ in neuroticism is likely to be emotionally instable Hans Eysenck Researcher that believed there are 3 dimensions to personality Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism 3 Dimensions to personality according to Eysenck Extraversion reflects internal level of arousal (according to Eysenck) Low, easily _______ levels of arousal reflect a person is extremely sociable because that person is not ___________ aroused (according to Eysenck) Neuroticism Reflects how an individuals mood changes (according to Eysenck) Psychoticism reflects a person's impulse control (according to Eysenck) Low/High A person with _________ levels of psychoticism is passive; a person with _____________ levels is impulsive Jeffery Gray Believed there are 2 dimensions to personality, the BAS/BIS Behavior Activation System (BAS) Activates Behavior in Extroverts Behavior Inhibition Sytem (BIS) Inhibits certain behavior in Introverts Bandura, Rotter 2 Psychologists that focused on the Social Cognitive Aspect of Personality Self-System We act in a way that reinforces our perceived self-esteem (Bandura) Locus of Control Either Internal or External- reflects our motives for certain behavior (Rotter) Expectancy How much our decisions impact others (Rotter) Internal Wanting to do well on in school because you want to have a good job is an example of an _____________ locus of control External Wanting to do well in school because you will get paid money to do so is an example of an ___________ locus of control Projective Tests Project Personality into Answer Rorschach Ink Blot Test A Projective Test that requires the subject to analyze random ink images Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A Projective Test that requires the subject to analyze a definite, wordless image not Projective Tests are ________ very reliable MMPI-2 Most reliable Self Report Test MMPI-2 A self report test that attempts to identify different psychological disorders NEO-PI The Big 5 Inventory TAT The ________________ is more valid than the Rorschac Ink Blot Test Congruence The Compliance between the ego ideal and the actual self Reticular Formation The part of the brain that regulates arousal (Eysenck) Factor Analysis Sorting trait terms into smaller factors Self-Report Asks a series of questions that ask people to indicate which statements accurately describe their own behavior/mental state Humanists These psychologists believe in the self-actualizing tendency Existential Approach Regards personality as governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death Rollo May, Victor Frankl Two examples of Existential Psychologists Reciprocal Determinism, Bandura A person's behavior is determined by personal factors and social behaviors + experimenter