| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Lachish | A city important for defending Jerusalem from the Assyrians. Lachish letters (589 BC) |
| Lmlk seals | stamped on the handle of large storage jars during the reign of King Hezekiah. They were buried after the destruction of Jerusalem by Sennacherib. Translates to "belonging to the king"(of Judah) |
| Madaba map | part of the floor mosaic in the early Byzantine church of St. George at Madaba, Jordan. It is a depiction of Jerusalem with the Nea Church, which was dedicated in 542 AD. Buildings absent after 570 AD are absent from the depiction |
| Madrasas | An Islamic school. Al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya was Qur'anic school called the "third jewel of Jerusalem" |
| Mamluk | They controlled Jerusalem from AD 1250-1517. Jerusalem was an unwalled city at this time. They made it a center of religious study with attention to schools and mosques (madrasas). Population dwindles during this period. Jerusalem was a religious center at this time, but politically and militarily insignificant |
| Muhammad | Prophet in Islamic tradition who visited Jerusalem during his "Night Ride" and leapt from the Dome of the Rock to heaven |
| Nachmanides | Jewish rabbi who makes aliyah in AD 1267. He developed Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism which made spiritual aliyah to God possible. He founded the Rambim synagogue, which becomes the Jewish center and argues that aliyah is a commandment upon all Jews |
| Nehemiah | important figure in the second return after the Babylonian Exile. He returns in 445 BC and becomes the governor. He rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem and confronts the Samaritans. He also battles social injustice and builds on Ezra's reform |
| Nebudchadnezzar | King of Babylon from 605 -562 BC. He besieges and destroys Jerusalem and the First Temple in 586 BC. He then exiles elites to Babylon |
| Omar | Caliph that enters Jerusalem in AD 638 and builds a wooden mosque on the Haram as-Sharif and makes restorations to the haram |
| Peel Plan | Plan to divide Jerusalem between an Arab and Jewish side. It was rejected by Arab leadership but divided the Jewish factions |
| Pompey | Assumes control of Jerusalem in 63 BC |
| Qiblah | the direction in which a Muslim prays. It was originally toward al-Aqsa but was changed to Mecca |
| Royal Stoa | place on the temple mount that was 3D modeled |
| Saladin | Conquered Jerusalem in AD 1187 and is noted for his chivalrous behavior. He permitted Jews to resettle in the city. He also gives the Church of the Holy Sepulcher to the Greek Orthodox church |
| Salem | a Canaanite deity. Jerusalem means "New Salem" |
| Sasanians | Persians who conquered Jerusalem in AD 614. When they entered Jerusalem, the "True Cross" was stolen and sent back to the Sassanian capital |
| Sennacherib | Assyrian ruler who tried to put down a revolt in Jerusalem but failed |
| Siloam Inscription | inscription from the time of Hezekiah in the entrance to the Siloam tunnel |
| Simon Maccabeus | took part in the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid empire |
| Solomon | son of David, responsible for construction the First Temple. He was a peaceful ruler who made alliances with neighbors and also constructed a palace |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Ruler of the Ottoman empire which took control of Jerusalem AD 1517. The area enjoyed a period of piece and he is noted for rebuilding the walls of the Old City |
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