Unit 8: The Enlightenment and Englishtened Despots
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jmweiland Plus on November 16, 2011
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This set deals with Enlightened Despots, 18th Century Society in Art, Enlightened Thought and the Republic of Letters, and the Philosophes & the Physiocrats
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 progress | Philosophes focused on concept of |
| Deism | belief that religion should be reasonable and should result in highest moral behavior of its adherents and that the knowledge of the natural world and the human world has nothing to do whatsoever with religion and should be approached completely free from religions ideas or convictions |
| religion | Philosophes (especially Voltaire) believed that greatest human crimes were done in the name of |
| tabula rasa | blank slate (came into the world this way) (John Locke) |
| Spirit of the Laws | Montesquieu's book |
| Discourse on the Moral Effects of Arts and Sciences, Emile, The Social Contract | Rosseau's books (3) |
| Encyclopédie | Diderot's book |
| Volatire | introduced empiricism and was concerned with proselytizing for religious tolerance |
| empiricism | The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience |
| A Treatise on Toleration | Voltaire's book on religious tolerance |
| Trial of Calas | Voltiare was especially influenced by the |
| "Ecrasez l'infame!"; organized religion | Voltaire's cry meaning "Crush the unspeakable" "_________ ___________" (refering to _____________________) |
| Candide | Voltaire's most famous book |
| productive | In Candide, Voltiare states that the only solution is _____________ work that benefits those around you |
| Catherine the Great | Who bought all 48 volumes of Diderot's Encyclopedia? |
| separation of powers, checks and balances | Two political ideas Montesquieu believed strongly in |
| Montesquieu | one of the 1st to speak out against slavery |
| Hume | argued that humans can know nothing whatsoever without certainty; argued for moral relativism |
| An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding | Hume's book |
| phisiocrat | a philosophe concerned with economics |
| Adam Smith | believed in capitalism, division of labor, productive labor, and economic liberty |
| Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith's book |
| laizzez faire | Adam Smith's idea of economic liberty with an "invisible hand" |
| The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | Gibbon's book |
| Gibbon | said Rome fell when it was overwhelmed with barbarians and when it adopted Christianity |
| On Crimes and Punishment | Beccaria's book |
| Beccaria | argued that judicial punishment should not be used for punishment, but to protect society; corporal and capital punishment=severe |
| Nathan the Wise | Lessing's book |
| Lessing | argued for religious tolerance of Jews and that human excellence was in no way related to religious afflicition; said that we will eventually abandon religion for pure reason |
| American revolutionaries | most effective agitators using ideas of the philosophe movement |
| Rosseau | center of gravity for social reform in the 18th century |
| Paris | The Enlightenment began in |
| First | Stage of the Enlightenment: influenced by Scientific Revolution |
| Second | Stage of the Enlightenment: Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu to Voltaire and Rosseau die |
| Third | Stage of the Enlightenment: influenced by Rosseau; emphasis on human reason shifts to greater preoccupation with emotions and passions of mankind; freedom relates to economics |
| Newton, Locke, Buffon | 3 people whose intellect influenced the Enlightenment |
| Republic of Ideas | informal international community of philosophes |
| Pietists | reaffirmed Prostestant belief of individual conscience-revival of piety and good works; laymen should have active role |
| John Wesley | founded Methodism |
| The System of Nature | Buffon's work |
| rococo | new style of decoration; more ornamental with flowing curves |
| salons, academies, Masonic lodges | 3 places to spread Enlightened Ideas |
| salon | place to spread Enlightened Ideas that was run by women |
| academy | formal gathering to spread Enlightened Ideas; no women; served king and public and contributed to development of France |
| censorship | biggest obstacle to philosophes |
| Masonic lodges | began in Scotland; place to spread Enlightened Ideas; free thinkers; vow of secrecy; women and men |
| freedom | Enlightened Absolutism: success of any state depended on degree of |
| Joseph II | HRE who takes Austria to new heights; teaches people new farming techniques by modeling them |
| Leopold II | Joseph II's brother who takes power back from peoeple because scared |
| Marie Antoinette | Joseph II and Leopold II's sister who is beheaded by people |
| corvee, robot | 2 names for tax by working; lose income of own because have to work for government for no pay building infrastructure |
| aristocracy | wealthy class; wear knee britches, hat, gun |
| common people | wear pants, barefoot, tattered, bread and wine |
| gleaners | pick through and pick out good parts of crop; picking up little pieces of grain of worth to plant or eat |
| Hogarth | artist who paints satire paintings such as Gin Lane and Marriage A-La-Mode |
| Chardin | paints middle class; much emphasis on furniture |
| Grand Tour | travel around Europe to see focus of study-especially Italy |
| Rembrandt | Paints "The Anatomy Lesson" |
| Vermeer | Paints "The Astronomer" |
| Sithera | birthplace of Venus; departure from here and return from here are painted very differently` |
| Pragmatic Sanction | agreement Charles VI made neighbor countries sign saying that his daughter Maria Theresa will rule Austria |
| Frederick the Great | rebelled against father-friend beheaded; violates Pragmatic Sanction; invades Silesia |
| War of Austrian Succession | War Between 1740 and 1742 challenging Maria Theresa's right to rule |
| Silesia | Frederick loses War of Austrian Succession but gains |
| French and Indian War | Another name for the Seven Years' War |
| Seven Years' War | War fought between 1765 and 1763 about Colonial Rivalry |
| Peace of Paris | The Seven Years' War ended with the |
| Peter III | Catherine the Great participated in the death of her husband, |
| culture, domestic reform, territorial expansion | Catherine the Great's 3 goals for Russia |
| artists, architects, and musicians | Kinds of people Catherine the Great brought into Russia (3) |
| laws, torture, toleration, schools, serfs | Catherine the Great: better ______, restricted _______, religious toleration, improved _______, gradually freed ______ |
| Pugachev's Rebellion | Ended Catherine the Great of Russia's domestic reform |
| lords, taxes, oppressive | Effect of Pugachev's Rebellion: serfs are totally controlled by______, nobility is free from _______, and serfdom is at its most _____________stage |
| Mongols | Catherine the Great subjugated the last |
| Caucasus | Catherine the Great began conquest of the |
| Partition of Poland | Catherine's success against Turks prompted Frederick II to try to distract her by propose that she leave Turks and slice up Poland |
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