| Term | Definition |
|---|
| balance of power | equal power among nations |
| blockade | forcible closing of ports |
| concordat | a formal agreement especially one between the pope and a government |
| conservative | in the first half of the 19th century, a eruopean-mainly wealthy landowners and nobles who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of europe |
| coup d'etat | a sudden, bloodless seizure of political power in a nation |
| creole | in spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in latin america to spanish parents |
| guerilla | a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his/her country |
| junkers | conservative members prussia's landowning class |
| legitimacy | hereditary rights of a monarch to rule |
| liberal | in the first half of the 19th century, a european-mainly middle-class business leaders and merchants-who wanted to give more political power to elect parliaments |
| lycees | french government-run public schools |
| mercantilism | economic policy in which nations seek an increase of power by selling more finished goods to their colonies than the raw materials they brought from them |
| mestizos | persons mixed europeans and indian ancestry |
| mulattos | persons of mixed europeans and african ancestry |
| nation-state | a state having its own independent government |
| nationalism | political system in which a person's greatest loyalty is to the nation, not the king |
| peninsulare | people in latin america born in spain |
| plebiscite | direct vote of the people |
| radicals | people who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people |
| realpolitik | politics of reality |
| scorched-earth policy | practices of buring fields and killing livestock to keep advancing army from having food |
| sans-culottes | radical parisian wage earners who wanted greater voice in government |
| emigre | nobles and other who left france during peasent uprising and who hoped to come back the old system |
| declaration of the rights of man | document that gauranteed rights such as liberty and property to all |
| legislative assembly | replaced national assembly; took away most opf king's power |
| committee of public safety | led by robespierre; enemies of the republic were executed |
| reign of terror | the period of robespierre's rule; period of killing and unrest |
| robespierre | revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of france's past monarchy and nobility |
| guillotine | machine for beheading people |
| national razor | nickname for the guillotine |
| old regime | social and political system of france in the 1770s |
| estates | three large social classes`first estate |
| first estate | made up of clergy |
| second estate | made up of rich nobles |
| third estate | made up of bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers |
| louis xvi | king of france at the time of the french revolution |
| marie antoinette | queen of france; wife of louis xvi; daughter of marie-theresa, empress of austria |
| the bastille | french prison the became known as a symbol of the roayl abuse of power |
| estates-general | assembly of representative from all three estates |
| tennis court oath | pledge made by members of france's national assembly in which they vower to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up |
| jacobins | radicals political organization |
| jean-paul marat | radical, revolutionary jouranalist |
| reign of terror | period during which robespierre ruled |
| toussaint l'ouverture | former slave who became a general and led rebel forces against french to gain independence for hispaninola, which became independent country of haiti |
| miguel hidalgo | catholic priest, who led independence movement in mexico |
| simon bolivar | venezuelan creale, known as the liberator, who helped drive spanish out of northern/eastern part of south america |
| jose de san martin | revolutionary leader, born in argentina, who freed chile and joined bolivar to free peru |
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