Chapter 12 Key Terms Psych
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19 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 education | a form of socialization in which adults engage in deliberate teaching of young to ensure that they acquire specialized knowledge and skills |
| apprenticeship | a form of activity combing instruction and productive labor that is intermediate between the implicit socialization of family and community life and the explicit instruction of formal education |
| emergent literacy | knowledge skills and attitudes that provide the building blocks for learning to read and write |
| emergent numeracy | knowledge skills and attitudes that provide the building clocks for learning how to do math |
| bottom-up processing | an approach to education that starts with teaching basic skills and once they have been mastered moves on to more complex tasks |
| top-down processing | an approach to education that focuses on using skills to accomplish specific, meaningful tasks |
| instructional discourse | a distinctive way of talking and thinking that is typical in school but rarely encountered in everyday interactions in the community or home |
| initiation rely feedback sequence | an instructional discourse pattern in which the teacher initiates an exchange usually by asking a question' a student replies; and then the teacher provides feedback |
| reciprocal teaching | a method of teaching reading in which teachers and children take turns reading text in a manner that integrates decoding and comprehension skills |
| realistic mathematics instruction | an approach to mathematics education that focuses on developing the student's understanding of how math can be used to solve real-world problems |
| playworld practice | used in several european countries, and based on theories regarding the importance of play in intellectual development, it involves students performing and discussing various themes in children's literature |
| specific learning disabilities | a term used to refer to the academic difficulties of children who fare poorly in school despite having normal intelligence |
| academic motivation | the ability to try hard and persist at school takse in face of difficulties |
| mastery orientation | a way that children approach school taks in which they are motivated to learn, to try hard and to improve their performance |
| performance orientation | a way of approaching school taks in whcich students are motivated by their level of performance, ability and incentive sfor trying |
| entity model of intelligence | the belief that intelligence is a quality of which each person has a certain fixed amount |
| incremental model of intelligence | the belief that intelligence is something that can grow over time as one learns |
| school-cutoff strategy | a means of assessing the impact of education while controlling for age by comparing children who are almost the same age but begin schooling a year apart because of school rules that set a specific cutoff birthday date for starting school |
| cultural style | a dominant way of thinking about and relating to the world that arises from a people's common historical experience |
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