| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Ways of Avoiding Pregnancy | Surgery, pills, or physical or chemical barriers, however, nothing is 100% effective except for abstinance |
| Technology to Help Reproduction | In vitro fertilization or Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) |
| ART | Artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICIS) |
| Artificial Insemination | Used formale infertility, but sperm should be normal, collect sperm from male partner (or donor), concentrate, and store, inseminate the sperm to uterus of female partner |
| Embryo Transfer | Used for infertile female, when egg is abnormal but can still carry a child, inseminate sperm to egg donor, collect fertilized embryo from donor and transfer to female partner, female carries child |
| In Vitro Fertilization | Used when egg and sperm are normal and mother can carry the baby, to avoid fertilization in donor's body, or if parent has a gentic disease so that the embryo can be selected, collect egg and sperm from mother and father, mix sperm and egg in dish, grow zygote about 2 days in test tube, implant into uterus |
| Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection | When sperm and egg cannot mate, single good sperm is injected into the egg, effective when sperm needs to be selected (for example, in Klinefelter Syndrome), effective when sperm and egg fusion is defective, but the process after fusion is ok |
| Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer | Gametes are collected (from mother, father, or donor) and placed into a woman's (mother or surrogate) oviduct (not in dish) |
| Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis | DNA test of early embryo, IVF embryos are grown in vitro for a few days before transferred to a woman's body, one cell can be removed without damaging embryo, the cell can be used for DNA testing of breast cancer, Fanconi anemia, etc. |
| Gene Therapy | If gene is causing the problem, fix it, introduce "good gene" by vector (to inject, maintain, and express the genes), vector has virus DNA, however, which may cause cancer, immune response, etc. |
| Ashanti De Silva | Recieved first successful gene therapy, she has SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) |
| Cancer, cardiovascular disease, HIV | Gene therapy has been used to treat what? |
| OTC (Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency) | What was a major failure in gene therapy? |
| Somatic Gene Therapy | Targets somatic cells in only a single target tissue (needs repeated treatments) |
| Germ-Line Therapy | Currently prohibited, would alter all cells in the embryo |
| Enhancement Gene Therapy | Use "intelligent" or "athletic" gene to enhance abilities |
| Genetic Counseling | In a nondirective way, counselors assist individuals or families in understanding medical facts, how heredity contributes to the disorder, risks of having children with the disorder, alternatives for dealing with the risk of recurrence, how to adjust to the disorder in an affcted member or risk of recurrance |
| Who should get genetic counseling? | Pregnant women over the age of 35, other high-risk pregnancy, individuals exposed to mutagens, certain ethnic groups-linkd diseases are in question |
| Stem-Cell Research | Majority of somatic cell has no ability to grow (terminally differentiated), they die and are replaced by newly formed cells, some undifferentiated cells are growing continuously, providing new cell |
| Embryonic Stem Cell | Stem cell taken from developing embryo (blastocyst), they can be transplanted into another embryo and develop into any tissue, depending on the situation |
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