| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Nationalism | pride in one's nation |
| Militarism | the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war. |
| Kaiser | German emperor |
| Central Powers | A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. |
| Allied Powers | a military alliance among Russia France, and Britain. |
| Trench Warfare | a bloody form of war that consisted of two opposing forces digging holes in the ground or "trenches" to provide shelter from enemy gunfire. Heavy Artillery would be able to shoot through trenches and infantry would race across "no man's land" or the land between the two frontal trenches. Gas was also used to fill the trenches and kill all within them. |
| Stalemate | When neither side is strong enough to defeat the other. |
| Battle of Verdun | A 10 month battle in 1916 that ended in a stale mate with over a million casualties on both sides combined. |
| Propaganda | The spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause. |
| U-Boat | a German submarine |
| Blockade | A fleet of military units that cut off an area from communicating with the rest of the world. |
| Lusitania | a British passenger ship that was sunk by German U-boats that killed almost 1,200 people including 128 Americans. |
| Sussex Pledge | a pledge that says that German U-boats will surface before attacking a ship and not sink passenger ships. |
| Why did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand lead to the "war to end all wars"? | The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand lead to the "war to end all wars" because it set off a series of war declarations on numerous nations because of alliances that have been formed. |
| How could the start of World War I be considered a failure of diplomacy? | The start of World War I could be considered a failure of diplomacy because countries started declaring war on one another out of sheer anticipation and did not consult their allies. |
| How did trench warfare make offensives long and deadly? | Trench warfare is a bloody form of war that consisted of two opposing forces digging holes in the ground or "trenches" to provide shelter from enemy gunfire. Heavy Artillery would be able to shoot through trenches and infantry would race across "no man's land" or the land between the two frontal trenches. Gas was also used to fill the trenches and kill all within them. This warfare took a very long time because it took months to advance just a few hundred yards. In addition, the mortality rate was very high in there was a huge amount of casualties. |
| What effects did the war have on the United States? | The primary effect that the United States endured is the divide within the citizens between joining the Central or Allied Powers. This is a result of the great amount of immigration from Europe shortly before this time period. Another effect is the boom in the agricultural business because of the food that was being used to make war goods that where being trades with both sides. |
| How did submarine warfare increase the chance of the United States entering the war? | Submarine warfare increased the chance of the United States entering the war because German U-boats were sinking passenger ships that left all of Britain's harbors and in turn killed many Americans in the process. |
| How did the Sussex pledge help keep the United States from entering the war? | The Sussex pledge help keep the United States from entering the war by reducing the casualties the US suffered while still in neutrality. |
| Warmonger | a person who tries to stir up war. |
| Zimmermann Note | a note to Mexico to attack the United States if it declared war on Germany |
| Czar | Russian Emperor |
| Selective Service Act | a 1917 act which required all men ages 21 to 30 to register for a military draft. |
| Draft | a law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military. |
| Bureaucracy | a system of managing government through departments run by officials. |
| Herbert Hoover | The head of the US food administration during WWI |
| Liberty Bonds | a bond which allowed the American citizen to lend money to the government to pay for the war. |
| Pacifists | people who refuse to fight in any war because they believe that war is evil |
| Socialist | a person who believes that the people as a whole rather than private individuals should own all property and share the profits. |
| Describe Woodrow Wilson's idea of "peace without victory." | Wilson's idea of "peace without victory" is based on staying neutral and not joining the war effort on one side. |
| Why did the United States enter World War I? Explain at least three reasons. | One reason of the American joining the war on the Allied side was the Zimmermann note given to Mexico from Germany to attack the US if the United States declared war on Germany. Another reason for the US to join the war on the Allied side was the removal of the Russian czar Nicholas II from power. This made it easier for Woodrow Wilson to join the Allied Side because no-one had a dictator anymore. A final reason for the American joining of the Allied forces was the sinking of ships with American passengers via German U-boat. |
| How did the United States prepare for war? | Creating a law that requires all men ages 21-30 to enlist in a draft. Educating the recruits to be able to read, write, perform military operations, and fed them three meals a day daily. |
| How did prejudice affect German Americans during World War I? | Prejudice affected German Americans during World War I because they were often ridiculed by fellow citizens that the US was fighting on the opposing side and much of the suffering that the African-Americans went through shortly after the Civil War. |
| Why did many African-Americans migrate north during the war? | Many African-Americans moved north because they filled the need for factory workers in the north making war goods. |
| How did the "great migration" affect race relations in American cities? | The great migration of African-American affected race relations in northern cites because of the vast amount of new people, the competition for housing and jobs because more intense. |
| Why do you think many Progressives opposed the United States entrance into the war? | Many progressives opposed the US entrance to war because they felt that it would disrupt the progression of culture and technology and would only resume after the war is done. |
| How did Congress respond to those who criticized the American war effort? | Congress responded to those who criticized the American war effort by imprisoning all that protested the war and creating a law that would make it illegal to protest the government during wartime |
| Vladimir I. Lenin | a communist revolutionist in Russia during the WWl era |
| Karl Marx | A German thinker that predicted that workers around the rold would unite and overthrow the upper class. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | a treaty ending Russia's involvement of the war. |
| German "Piece Offensive" | a offensive push made by the German military they would hope to end the war. |
| American Expeditionary Force | a military division which was led by John J. Pershing |
| John J Pershing | a military general that led the American Expeditionary Force |
| Harlem Hell Fighters | an African-American military division which fought with the French military |
| Armistice | an agreement to stop fighting |
| Abdicate | to give up power |
| Epidemic | the rapid spread of contagious disease among large numbers of people. |
| Describe the situation of the European Allied Powers in 1917 when the U.S. entered the war. | The British and French forces are exhausted and ill in the trenches and Russia withdrew from the war due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovosk. |
| Why did Russia drop out of the war? | Russia dropped out of the war because of the revolution happening within the countries and the millions of casualties lost to the Germans on the Eastern Front. |
| Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk a setback for the Allies during World War I? | The Treaty of Brest-Litovosk was a setback for the Allied forces because the Eastern Front was completely lost and they are set back in terms of supplies for the military and military support. |
| How did American troops help the Allies win the war? | American troops helped the Allies win the war by playing a "definite and distinct part" in the war. They did this by supporting British and French forces as well as operating in their own manner. |
| How did World War I end? When did World War I end? | World War 1 ended when an armistice was passed with Germany that also required the German emperor to give up power. |
| How did the war negatively affect Europe? | The negatively affect Europe because of the 40 million casualties due to war-related ailments. |
| Fourteen Points | a peace plan proposed by Woodrow Wilson that would try to prevent international problems from sparking another world war. |
| Self-determination | the right of national groups to have their own territory and own forms of government |
| League of Nations | a general association of nations that would protect the independence of all countries. |
| Big Four | Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy |
| Reparations | cash payments |
| Peace without victory | a proposal made by Woodrow Wilson for the defeated powers not to receive punishment |
| Treaty of Versailles | the most important treaty of the Peace of Paris which made Germany pay war reparations of $30 billion dollars, limit its military and stripped it of its overseas colonies. |
| Isolationist | people who wanted their country to stay out of international affairs and opposed the League of Nations |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | the Chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee. |
| Explain the major points of Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace. | the major points of Woodrow Wilson's plan for piece are: the end of secrecy between nations, free trade between nations, and limit on military weapons such as artillery, guns and bombs. |
| Why did the European nations object to some of Wilson's ideas? | Some European nations rejected Wilson's peace plan because the conflicting relations between post-war nations threatened the reality of the treaty. |
| List three ways in which the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany. | The Treaty of Versailles made Germany pay war reparations of $300 billion dollars, limit its military, and stripped it of its overseas colonies. |
| Why did the United States Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles? | The US Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles because it would require the US to enter a war that it would be able to avoid if it rejected the treaty. |
| Did Woodrow Wilson achieve his goal of "peace without victory"? Be specific in your answer. | Woodrow Wilson did not reach his goal of "peace without victory" because Germany was forced to pay war reparation of obscene amounts and eliminate its imperialistic colonies. |
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