| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Actinoptergii | Ray finned fishes |
| Teleosti | These have aquired adaptation's that allow for horizontal feeding style |
| Osteoglossomorpha | bony tongues, tropical, goldeye |
| Elopomorphica | Anguilliformes, true eels, moray eel |
| Clupeamorpha | maine schooling fish, anchovies |
| Ostariophysans | dominant freshwater fish, piranhas |
| Weberian apparatus | used for sound detection in Ostariophysans |
| Fright /Alarm Substance | so scare other members of schooling fish when skin damaged |
| Protacanthopterygii | Ancestral condition for fish, salmon |
| Paracanthopterygii | derived fish, cave fish |
| Acanthopterygii | these fish have derived mouth and paried fins, seahorses |
| Oviviparity | Majority of teleost reproduction |
| Pelagic spawners | Marine, Floating eggs, indirect development (high mortality, away from predators, productive phlagic environments, dispersal) |
| Benthic spawners | freshwater, sticky eggs, no direct parental care |
| Viviparity | live bearers, requires internal fertilization |
| Ovoviviparous | "yolk eating" Lecithotropic, baikal sculpins |
| Viviparous | maternal nutrition - Matotrophic, guppies |
| Hermaphroditism | one fish is both male and female |
| sequential hermaphroditism | in a fishes life time it may be male or female |
| protandrous | male first - clown fish |
| progynous | female first - wrasses |
| parthenogenesis | this is asexual reproduction |
| gynogenesis | this is when mating is required for egg development but the male contributes nothing genetically |
| Mesopelagic fishes | these fish live in the photic region, they are small and active - lantern fishes |
| Bathypelagic fishes | these fish live in the aphotic zone, they are inactive and have energy saving features |
| Deep water benthic fishes | these fish are elongare and have a well developed lateral line, they have very good olfactory senses - tripod fish |
| Cave fish | fish that have lost eyes, pigmentation, pelvic fins. they are small and are gill brooders |
| Desert pupfish | live in temperatures between 33-42 degrees |
| Polar fish | these fish avoid shallow water, have glycoproteins in there low viscosity blood. but have low metabolic requirements |
| Zygopophyses | these are needed on vertebra when an organism lives on land |
| Positive pressure Buccal pump | non-amniotic tetrapods that "swallow" air |
| Negative pressure aspiration pump | amniote tetrapods that use changes in thoracic cavity to breath |
| Osteolepiformes | these were early vertebrates, related to sarcopterygian fishes - shallow water predators |
| Elpistostegidae | these are a sister group to the tetrapods, they were more derived shallow water predators - tiktaalik |
| Acanthostega | a stem tetrapod, aquatic, 8 webbed digits cant hold weight, lungs, teeth for capturing prey |
| Ichthyostega | a stem tetrapod, could hear underwater, limbs that could hold weight, better developed ribs |
| Batrachomorphs | this means frog form, they had flat immobile skulls 4 digit forlimb, 5 digit hind limb |
| Temnospondyls | this group is the longest lived groups of extinct non-amniotic tetrapods |
| Reptilomorphs | means reptile form, had taller narrower skulls, 5 digit hind and forelimb, amniotes originated from this group |
| Lepospondyls | this group were small elongate aquatic tetrapods, the caecilians may have been derived from here |
| Romers gap | this is 15-20 milliom years of missing information in the fossil record, a time where tetrapods were undergoing diversification |
| Lissamphibians | this means smooth skinned, this groups is the extant amphibians |
| Burrowing toads | thes creatures spend 9-10 months underground they emerge in the rainy season to feed, grow and reproduce (couches spade foot) |
| Tree frogs | these creatures live in the understory vegetation. there skin if 1/10 less permeable compared to others of its kind, they create a wax also |
| Urodela | Salamanders - primitive locomotion |
| Cryptobrachidae | japanese giant salamander |
| Proteidae | mudpuppie |
| Amphiumidae | congo eels |
| Plethodontidae | species capable of cutaneous respiration only, can drop tails, protrude tongue, and have good vision |
| Anapsid | no temporatl fenestra - turtles and primitive chordates |
| Diapsid | 2 temporal fenestra - birds, reptiles |
| Synapsid | 1 temporal fenestra - mammals |
| Sauropsids | these have no diaphragm, can use pelvic movement and gastralia to breath |
| Synapsids | in general this group relies on good olfaction (except primates) and has poor vision |
| Sauropsids | this group relies on good vision and has poor smell - leads to territorail displays |
| Testudines | turtles |
| Pleurodirea | tutles that bend their neck horizontally to retract heat |
| Cryptodira | tutles than bend their neck in a vertical S shape to retract heat |
| Testudinidae | pancake tortoise |
| Emydidae | western painted turtle |
| Chelyndridae | snapping turtle |
| Kinosternidae | musk turtle |
| Trionychidae | soft shelled turtles |
| Cheloniidae | green turtles -epidermal scales on shell |
| Dermochelyidae | leather back tutles |
| Daipause | when eggs are laid but do not develop till next season |
| Emergence syncronization | when all tutles hatch at once to overwhelm predators |
| Lepidosaures | this group has water impermeable overlapping epidermal scales and transverse cloacal slits |
| Tuatara | this group of lizards are opportunistic feeders of the coast of NZ, they have unique teeth |
| Squamata | this group is the lizards and snakes, determinant growth. Sister group to the sphenodontids |
| Iguanidae | large herbivores, Anolis |
| Camaeleonidae | arboreal, zygodactylous feet, prehensive tails, insectivorous |
| Gekkonidae | geckos |
| Scincidae | Skinks - insectivores with reduced limbs |
| Varanidae | Monitor lizards - carnivores, intelligent, positive pressure gular pump |
| Helodermatidae | only group of poisonous lizards |
| Amphisbanians | "worm" lizards - use reclinear locomotion and telecoping, also have ossified skulls for tunnelling |
| Iguanians | feed using tongue prehension - and good vision |
| Scleroglossans | feed using jaw prehension - and chemoreception |
| Serpentes | Snakes -> evolved from the scleroglossans |
| Scolecophidea | blind snake - small burrowing ancestral condition |
| Alethinophida | have skulls for digging, New world boas, Old world pythons, Acrochordida |
| Colubroidea | this is a more derived Lineage of venomous snakes |
| Colubridae | snakes with solid fangs with grooves - king snake |
| Viperidae | snakes with hollow fangs and maxilla rotates, and they are burrowers (vipers) |
| Elapidae | snakes will hollow fangs and a immobile maxilla (Cobra) highly specialized snakes |
| Lateral undulation | serpentine locomotion |
| Rectilinear locomotion | snakes with heavy bodies move with this, good for stalking |
| Concertina | this snake locomotion is good in narrow passages |
| Side winding | this snake locomoation is good in the desert |
| Streptostyle opening/ closing | A cranial kinesis allows snakes to eat prey that is larger than their mouth |
| Opisthoglyphous | solid fangs with a groove in the back of the snakes mouth - false viper |
| Protoeroglyphous | hollow fangs at the front and are permanently erect - cobra |
| Solenoglyphous | hollow fangs in the back of the mouth that can be erected and venom injected - viperidae |
| Aglyophous | when snakes have no fangs it is called this |
| Neurotoxin | Elapids have this kind of venom |
| Hemotoxin | Viperids have this kind of venom |
| Caudal Autotomy | this is self amputation of the tail |
Combine with other sets
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