| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Two steps of Selective Breeding | hybridization, and inbreeding |
| Selective Breeding | allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
| Risks of Inbreeding | chance that a cross will bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect |
| Techniques used in Genetic Engineering | restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, PCR, and plasmids in the bacteria |
| Restriction Enzymes | the proteins used to cut DNA molecules at specific places so that scientists can isolate pieces with the desired genes. leaves sticky ends. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | used to separate and identify genes in DNA fragments. |
| Sticky Ends | overlapping bases |
| PCR | (polymerase chain reaction) used to make copies of DNA fragments |
| plasmids in bacteria | used as a vector to recombine and transfer genes. |
| Transgenic Bacteria | donor gene (ex. insulin) is removed from human DNA using restriction enzyme. Plasmid is also opened with the same restriction enzyme. Insulin gene is then inserted in plasmid (recombinant DNA now) and the plasmid is reintroduced into bacteria. (host cell) The bacteria produces insulin. |
| Transgenic Plants | plants are infected with bacteria whose plasmids usually cause tumors (galls) in plants. The tumor producing gene is inactivated and the bacterial plasmid instead only introduces the desired donor gene. (these genes have been introduced to produce insecticide to kill insects (Bt corn) to resist weed killing chemicals, and grow in salty soils. |
| Transgenic Animals | DNA can be injected directly into the cells or host genes can be replaced (knocked out) with the donor gene. extra growth hormone gene creates cattle with more meat, chickens may be given genes to resist bacterial infections that poison food. |
| Cloning | population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. during cloning: the donor nucleus replaces the nucleus of the egg and develops identical to donor. in agriculture, cloning would be useful to reproduce ideal individuals previously produced by selective breeding or by genetic engineering. |
| DNA Fingerprinting | compares repeated sections of genes that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one person to another. gel electrophoresis is used to separate fragments. the specific repeats are then labeled using radioactive probes producing bands to be compared. |
| The Human Genome Project | attempt to sequence all of the human DNA. completed in June 2000. |
| Gene Therapy | replacement of defective gene with a normal one. the body then makes the correct enzyme or other protein it needs. viruses (modified to make them harmless) are often used as a vector because they enter the cell's DNA. the correct gene is first inserted into the virus, then the patient is infected with the virus to carry the gene into the cell. recent attempts have not always given positive results. |
| 1st Success of Gene Therapy | a gene introduced into bone marrow cells to correct an inherited immune system disorder. |
| GM Foods | altering with the DNA of plants and animals. three advantages: GM food crops contain essential vitamins, GM foods increase production and eliminate the need for chemical pesticides. three disadvantages: GM corn approved only for animal feed has appeared accidentally in totrillas which has a protein that could cause allergic reactions. GM crops could pose a hazard to the environment. (plants engineered to produce insecticides can kill beneficial insects as well as pests) Pollen from GM plants might transfer genes to wild plants, resulting in super-weeds that are impossible to control. |
| Bt Corn | Bt toxin. natural insecticide that protects corn plants from the european corn borer, a major insect pest. Bt corn enables farmers to produce more food on fewer acres, increasing food production and profits. |
| Two reasons why and why not your DNA is private property. | Why it is: Employers with DNA info might use it to discriminate against workers who carry genes they suspect might cause medical problems. more than 200 cases of discrimination were turned up in a study because of genes that individuals carried or were suspected of carrying. Why it is not: DNA sequences are no more private than pictures or fingerprints. Also, an employer has a right to take and keep such info. |
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