Learning and Memory
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Created by:
dtnycharles on November 19, 2011
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | how experience changes the brain |
| memory | how these changes are stored and subsequently reactivated |
| amnesia | any pathological loss of memory |
| What are conditioning types of learning and memory? | classical, operant |
| What are spatial types of learning and memory? | working, reference |
| What is declarative memory? | Declarative memory is explicit. |
| What is procedural memory? | Procedural memory is implicit. |
| What are declarative types of learning and memory? | semantic, episodic |
| What is classical conditioning? | a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
| What does operant condition deal with? | rewards and punishments |
| What is an engram? | a unit of memory |
| What did Lashley conclude? | Memory is not localized anywhere in the brain, but it is widely distributed throughout the cortex. |
| What did H.M suffer from pre-surgery? | seizures |
| What did H.M suffer from post surgery? | He suffered from mild retrograde amnesia, and severe anterograde amnesia. |
| What is global amnesia? | Amnesia for information presented to all sensory modalities |
| What are the five tests that H.M underwent? | Digit Span + 1 Test Block Tapping Memory Span Test Mirror-Drawing Test Rotary Pursuit Test Incomplete Pictures Test |
| R.B amnesia was caused by? | cerebral ischemia |
| Post-mortem observation of R.B showed that he had damaged to what? | CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus |
| Korsakoff syndrome is associated with.. | alcoholism |
| Alcoholism causes.. | thiamine deficiency |
| Initially people with Korsakoff syndrome suffer from.. | initial anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories |
| As the disease progresses people with Korsakoff syndrome suffer from.. | severe retrograde amnesia |
| Alzheimer's disease starts with... | initial mild memory loss |
| Inital mild memory loss progesses into.. | dementia |
| What are four symptoms of Alzheimers? | confusion, irritability, anxiety and speech problems |
| Alzheimers disease patients suffer from severe... | anterograde and retrograde amnesia |
| What degenerates in Alzheimer's disease | basal forebrain |
| Degradation of the basal forebrain results in... | loss of acetylcholine |
| Acetylcoline is mostly found in which part of the brain.. | basal forebrain |
| Amyloid buildup and neuron loss result in... | characteristic tangles and plaques |
| concussion | temporary disturbance of consciousness |
| A concussion can result in a | posttraumatic amnesia |
| Coma | a pathological state of unconsciousnessd |
| Duration of a coma is | a short time after a severe blow to the head, it usually lasts a few seconds or minutes, but in severe cases it can last weeks |
| Hippocampus: Neuroanatomical Basis of Memory Storage | place cells, spatial memory |
| Rhinal Cortex: Neuroanatomical Basis of Memory Storage | object identification |
| Striatum | Response learning and habit formation |
| Amygdala | Memory for experiences with emotional significance |
| Prefrontal Cortex | Episodic memory components are lost when prefrontal cortex is damaged - Deficits in memory for temporal order of events -Deficits in working memory Thus: difficulty performing tasks that involve a series of responses |
| What grade does coma have? | A coma can have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
| What do rats use to complete the radial arm maze and morris water maze? | spatial cues from the room as reference |
| Gradients of retrograde amnesia after concussion seem to provide evidence for... | memory consolidation |
| Eye blink is linked to what structure of the brain | cerebellum |
| Hebb's idea of neural basis of learning and memory | Changes in the efficiency of synaptic transmission may be the basis of long-term memory |
| Two things that we need to know about LTP | 1. a method at the cellular level to try and understand how memory takes place. 2. it takes place in the hippocampus |
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