| Term | Definition |
|---|
| evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
| theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism |
| artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |
| struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life |
| fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
| survival of the fittest | process when individuals that enable fitness-survive and reproduce most successfully |
| natural selection | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest |
| descent with modification | principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time |
| common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
| homologous structure | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms buy develop from the same embryonic tissues |
| vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism |
| James Hutton | proposed that Earth is shaped by geographical forces that took place over long periods of time; Earth is million years old |
| Thomas Malthus | predicted that the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it |
| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | proposed mechanism explaining how organisms change over time |
| Charles Darwin | sails on the H.M.S. Beagle to provide himself with evidence leading to his theory of evolution |
| Charles Lyell | explained that processes occurring now have shaped Earth's geological features over long periods of time |
| Alfred Wallace | wrote to Darwin, speculating on evolution by natural selection, based on his studies of the distribution of plants and animals |
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