| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 3,100 BCE | Civilation Begins in mesopotamia and egypt |
| 1000 BCE | Hebrew Kingdom |
| 753 BCE | Founding of Rome |
| 490- 323 BCE | Classical Greece ( Persian Wars to Alexander the Great) |
| 509 BCE | Roman Republic begins |
| 133- 31 BCE | Decline and Fall of Roman Empire |
| 31- 14 BCE | Augustus: 1st emporer |
| 1st- 2nd ce | High Point of Pax Romana |
| 312 CE | Conversion of Constatine |
| 476 CE | Official end of Roman Empire in the West |
| 1453 CE | Official end of Byzantine Empire |
| Tribune | People who look out for the intrest of the lower class |
| Brutus | leader of decision to kill Caeser |
| Pax Romana | Roman Peace |
| Josephus | Jewish writer, wrote jewish history |
| Client King | Jewish Kings, Independant of rome, but pay taxes and must ally with rome |
| Messiah | annointed on |
| Crucifixion | typical form of execution, used for people with lower social status |
| Martyrs | Witness, killed for faith |
| Polytheism | Many gods |
| monotheism | One god |
| Hoplite Phalanx | wall of shields and spears, used by the greeks |
| Oligarchy | Ruled by few |
| Helots | spartan public slaves |
| Solon | appointed in 594 to improve situations in Athens |
| Cuneiform | Early Mesopotamian form of writing |
| Heiroglyph | Early egyptian form of writing |
| Pyramids | Royal tombs; testimony to power of pharohs; resulted because of surplus of labor |
| Exodus | migration of the Hebrew people |
| Sarissa | Longer spears, used by the Macedonians |
| Surplus | allowed for civilization to begin |
| Hierarchy | Government, cities with public building |
| Sumer | Southern Mesopotamia; Earliest Civilization |
| Gilgamesh | King of Uruk |
| Enkindu | Gilgamesh Companion |
| Pharaoh | Emperor King of egypt; God of the living |
| Torah | Main source that explains Jewish Life |
| Hammurabi of Babylons Laws | Conomic and Family Laws |
| Persian Empire | Largest Empire; King embraced diversity and let jews rebuild temple |
| Athens | Ruled by Democracy; one of the 2 most powerful cities in Greece; dependant on trade for food |
| Sparta | Ruled by 2 kings; One of the 2 most powerful cities in Greece; had to stay near home to prevent helot revolt |
| Peloponnesian War | War against Sparta and Athens |
| Thucydides | Atheninan historian; told history through speeches |
| Persian War | Persia wanted to take over greece |
| Tiberius | Tribune; technically plebian; Wanted to limit amount of land a person has; Killed by senators |
| Gaius Grachus | Wanted land reform; wanted to include italians as citizens of Rome; wanted to hold senators accountable for their actions; Killed dring a riot |
| Marius | "new man"; worked his way up through military; elected to consul 6 times; made law for poor to be in military |
| Client Army | troops that were loyal to their commander |
| Sulla | redistributed land to retired senators; made constitutional reforms; established more power to senate; wrote a list of proscriptions (bounties for his enemies) |
| Proscriptions | bounties for your enemies |
| Nero | Had love hate relationship with his mother; sang and was in chariot races; blammed christians for fire; wanted to commit suicide but had a slave kill him |
| Tacitus | A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories. |
| Boudicca | Celtic queen in britain; husband died and romans abused power and took over; britains rebelled |
| Sicilian Expedition | Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415-413, results in the Athenian defeat and the complete destruction of Athenian forces |
| Julius Caesar | He was a smart general who won many victories for Rome. He then became the head of the government at a time when the Roman senate still wanted to rule. He was killed by senators, some of whome he thought were his friends. When Rome became an empire, emporers took the name Caesar as their last name. |
| pompey | Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC) |
| Mark Antony | Part of the second triumvirate, he opposed Octavian in the East/West power split, and controlled the Asian regions. He married Cleopatra and together they lost the war with the West after losing the battle of Actium. He committed suicide. |
| Cleopatra | beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt |
| Octavian | Formed Second Triumvirate in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar's death,reduced power of the Senate, began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion founded by Abraham and whose followers are called Jews |
| Good Emperors | Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius |
| Ostia | seaport of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber River. |
| Pompeii | ancient city southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius |
| Carthage | fought with Rome in the Punic Wars, had the great general Hannibal but was later defeated |
| Punic Wars | three wars Rome vs. Carthidge, Rome won all, Hannible was never deafeated by anyone and finally he loses. Rome puts salt all around Carthidge |
| Hannibal | general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War |
| agrarian reform | call for more equal distribution of land |
| Melian Dialogue | Athenians wanted the Melians to join them, but Melians want to stay out of it, Athenians try to make them, ends up killing many of them (Peloponnesian war) Athens makes Melos join them for the sake of Athens reputation |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth |
| Plato | created school, believed in community above indivisual (like Sparta), thought government should be run by Phylosopher King, did not like [uneducated] lower class, Socrates Student |
| Aristotle | Replaced Plato at the Academy after his death. He was the personal teacher of the young Alexander the Great. |
| Aristocracy | the most powerful members of a society |
| Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137) |
| Phillip of Macedon | ambitious King of Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great. to raise the economic and cultural level of his people, to unite the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, to lead a combined Greek/Macedonian army against the Persian Empire |
| Alexander the Great | Son of Phillip of Macedon; Macedonian military leader whos armies conquerd vast amounts of land, ruler of 1st great European Empire of the ancient world |
| Etruscans | Came from Asia Minor; influenced Rome in many ways, Gladiator games, building of roads and urbanization |
| Livy | Historian of the Roman Republic who wrote about the strugle between plebeians and paricians of Rome |
| Patrons | a person who financially supports the arts |
| Clients | slaves of Romes; did not own land |
| Patricians | A group of people who made up the ruling class of Rome |
| Plebians | Farmers, mechants, soldiers, and craft workers- Lower Class of Rome |
| Equites | A class of well-to-do Italian merchants and landowners second in wealth and social status only to the senatorial class. |
| Cursus Honorum | this was the order in which the various important offices might be held according to law the highest officals was the consul. |
| Masada | Jewish Zealots fought for the independence against Rome; Hilltop Fortress; Held out against Romans for 3 years; When Romans got up they found everyone had committed suicide |
| Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. (155) |
| Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156) |
| Persecution | Harsh or malignant oppression. |
| Constatine | roman emperor who converted to christianity and legalized it within the empire. he moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium in the east, which he renamed Constantinople |
| Perpetua | A martyred catechumen of noble blood from North Africa who was persecuted by the Romans, kept a prison diary, and cared for her infant son in prison. |
| Inscriptions | (n) letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something |
| Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) |
| Islamic Empire | Three great empires in history-The Ottomans in turkey, The Safauds in persia, The Mughals in India. |
| Bread and Circuses | Largest amount of tax dollars went to entertainment |
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