Human Body 3a
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Created by:
helenpoulsen on November 20, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
muscles & nervous system
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 neuromuscular junction | presyn cell: neuron/acetylcholine; postsyn cell: muscle fibers, motor end plate |
| energy for contractions | ATP; stored ATP is used quickly- replenished by creatine phosphate, anaerboic respiration, aerobic respiration |
| creatine phosphate | holds phos. group that can be used to make ATP |
| anaerobic respiration | not using/porducing oxygen, produce lactic acid (breakdown product of ATP) |
| aerobic respiration | musc. use oxy. to slowly make ATP if they can keep up with musc. needs (just sitting, etc) |
| muscle twitch | an action potential creates a twitch; summation, tetanus |
| muscle summation | thousands of twitching added together that can be used to lift something |
| muscle tetanus | enought twitches so close together that they fuse - fused twitches one continuous twitch |
| motor unit | a single nerve cell which as it gets to nerve cell, branches out going to a few dif muscle cells; neuron plus all musc fibers it stimulates; each muscle fiber belongs to only 1 motor unit, each musc cell has 1 nerve cell; more forceful contractions recruit larger, more, motor units |
| fast twitch muscles vs slow twitch muscles | quick contractions, low pigment/white, high glycogen, low myoglobin, large fiber diameter, few mitchondria, few capillaries vs endurance, contract slowly, dark pigment/red, high myoglobin, low glycogen, small fiber diameter, many mitchondria, many capillaries ~in between musc cells also exist |
| myoglobin | lets you store oxygen |
| glycogen | animal starch that can be broken down fast |
| mitochondria | produce ATP aerobically/slowly |
| length-strength relationship | muscles contract most strongly at medium length (don't pick something heavy up with straight arm); highly stretched have little myosin/actin overlap; highly contracted have myosin fibers running into z disc |
| muscle origin | where muscle attaches at end where bone isn't moving |
| muscle insertion | where muscle attaches at bone that is moving |
| muscle action | what muscle does; flex, etc |
| plantar flex | poiting tow/standing on tip toes; prime mover = gastricnemius/top back calf musc; synergist = solius musc/lower back of calf musc; antagonsit = tibialias anterior/ front calf muscle by tibia |
| prime mover | muscle that generates most of force/energy in a specific movement |
| synergist | helps the prime mover |
| antagonist | opposite motion of the specific movement performed |
| levers | muscles generate applied force that moves a load by pivoting a bone on a fulcrum; helps generate speed.force; the longer your olecranan in elbow is- the more force but slower movement |
| 1st class lever | fulcrum in center, down effort on far end, load on opposite far end, ; scissors, head nodding |
| 2nd class lever | load in center, fulcrum on far end, up effort on opposite far end; stand on toes, wheel barrow |
| 3rd class lever | load on far end, fulcrum on opposite end, up effort in middle; kayak paddle, flexing arm |
| central nervous system | integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies; contains the majority of the nervous system and consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous sytem | consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord; main function is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs; divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
| afferent part of PNS | going to/in the brain to collect info |
| efferent part of PNS | coming from the brain/telling what to do; somatic/autonomic |
| somatic vs autonomic | part of efferent of PNS; under control vs can't control |
| sympathetic vs parasympathetic | part of autonomic of efferent of PNS; fight or flight vs resting/digestion |
| neurons | nerve cells; cell body , axon (away from cell), dendrite (towards cell) |
| neuroglial cells | help to transmit act pot.s; astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte, schwann cells |
| astrocytes | maintain blood brain barrier; cells leave gaps in between, white blood cells can crawl through them to scavenge; brain uses 20%+ of E, only 2% of body weight, so needs alot of sugar in its cells; responsible for making the capillaries seal so that the sugar doesn't come into blood when packed in brain and also prevents pathogens from entering; star shape, supporting cell of neuron, only in CNS; embryonic develop of brain |
| ependymal cells | CNS; epithelial, line ventricles and central canal, inside of brain and spinal cord; screte and circulate CSF; cleans CNS, gets rid of waste, provide some food, take blood and filter plasma out |
| oligodendrocytes | type of brain cell. They are a variety of neuroglia. Their main function is the insulation of axons in the CNS; can extend its long processes to many axons, wrapping around a lot of myelin sheath around each axon; produces myelin- faster act pot |
| microglia | smallest type of glial cell related to macrophages (attack things that shouldn't be there) of the brain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS; phagocytic/engulf ingest things; inc during infection |
| schwann cells | same function as oligodendrocytes but in PNS; can hold/wrap around only 1 axon; produce myelin, inc act pot speed by 10x |
| myelination | insulates short segments of axons- nodes of ranvier; myelin sheath; act pot isn't smooth like musc cells- jumps from node to node, traveling through axon, much faster; saltatory conduction |
| nodes of ranvier | depolarized region in between schwann cells or oligodend. wrappings |
| myelin sheath | insulation of axon, ions only move in/out of nodes |
| saltatory conduction | type of ocnduction where ions jump from node to node |
| refractory period | after act pot you can't cause Na channels to open immediately again, after short time act pot can come again |
| neurotransmitters | of synapse; many types, short half life (needs to quickly get out of syn cleft); different types open different receptors (always chem. gated) |
| neurotransmitter receptors | of synapse; ions go in to chnage membrane pot.; Na, K, Cl |
| summation | ability to take input from dif synapses to add together for act pot; one postsyn pot (tiny deflection in graded/membrane pot caused by 1 synapse) isn't enough for act pot - act pot if muliple postsyn pot add up to reach threshold (-50); some induce hyperpol graded pot |
| excitatory vs inhibitory postsynaptic potentials | Na opens vs K opens; cells add all this input to see if enough to make an act pot in summation |
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