Human Body 3b
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Created by:
helenpoulsen on November 20, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
memory, spinal cord, brain
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ST memory | inc efficiency of presyn cells |
| LT memory | changes in postsyn receptors, physical modifications, consolidation by hippocampus (takes ST and training the brain/rewire it to LT while sleeping) |
| hollow spinal cord | surrounded by meninges (epithelial) membranes which envelopes CNS. three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. |
| pia mater | delicate innermost layer of the meninges; thin fibrous tissue that is impermeable to fluid-allows to enclose cerebrospinal fluid. this fluid works with the other meningeal layers to protect and cushion the brain; allows blood vessels to pass through and nourish the brain |
| arachnoid | between the two other meninges, the more superficial dura mater and the deeper pia mater, and is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. |
| dura mater | outermost layer of meninge; responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid; "tough and inflexible" and "leather-like"; epidural space is the space inside the bony spinal canal but outside the membrane called the dura mater |
| white vs gray matter of spinal cord | has more fat in it, myelin, around outside vs inside, core |
| cauda equina | spinal cord ends at L1, where spinal nerves spilit off- looks like a horse tail |
| cervical & lumbar enlargement | both buldges of spinal cord nerves that thicken cephalically, where legs and arms meet |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs: between every vertabrae; dermatomes; fused sensory to brain and motor nerves (roots) from brain |
| dermatomes | regions of skin served by particular spinal nerve |
| dorsal root | all sensory; motor nerve from brain |
| ventral root | all motor; motor nerve from brain |
| dorsal ramus | epaxial sensory and motor to back |
| ventral ramus | hypaxial sensory and motor to front |
| ganglia | clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS; integration and porcessing; dorsal roots have ganglia; called nuclei in CNS |
| reflexes | unconscious actions processed by ganglia or psinal cord; large myelinated neurons; very fast- 20 milisec; respond to pain, maintain posture; subconscious; involve spinal cord- not brain; parts: sensory neurons, interneuron (don't always have them), motor neuron (tell msucle to contract) |
| patellar reflex | based on stretch receptors in knee extensor; if hit under knee it stretches ligament and muscle thinks it needs to contract- sends message to spinal cord, synapses w/ motor neuron |
| flexor (withdrawl) reflex | withdrawal from painful stimulus; interneurons stimulate motor nuerons to tell flexor neur. to contract; stimulate flexors and inhibit extensors (opposing musc) - interneur. go up to brain on either left-right side depending on if it was w/ left/right arm/leg (go to opposite) |
| crossed extensor reflex | step on takc; withdraw on eleg, extend other; sesnory neurons stimulate several interneurons which: stimulate tack side back thigh muscle, inhibit tack side top thigh muscle, stimulate opposite side top thigh muscle, inhibit opposite side back thigh muscle, inform brain |
| cranial nerves | nerves resulting from fusion segments producing brain and skull; 12 pairs: some sensory (ventral roots), some motor (dorsal roots), some mixed; cranial dermatomes come from cranial not spinal nerves |
| olfactory nerve | cranial nerve 1; goes through cribiform plate |
| optic nerve | cranial nerve 2; transmits visual information from the retina to the brain |
| oculomotor nerve | cranial nerve 3; motor, moving eyeball |
| trigeminal nerve | cranial nerve 4; teeth, jaw |
| brain | develops from 3 neural tube thickenings: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain; covered by meninges; 4 ventricles: spaces in brain, all connected, fluid flows from brain-spinal cord; interior clusters of cell bodies= nuclei, down hindbrain |
| white vs gray matter in brain | inside, more myelination of nerve cells vs outer surface/cortex, combo of cell bodies and axons w/o myelination- more important because cell bodies are doing the processes |
| cerebrum | part of forebrain; conscious thoughts, intellectual processes, storage/processing of memories, control of skeletal muscles |
| diencephalon | part of forebrain; thalamus (sensory relay to cerebrum), hypothalamus (hunger, thirst, anger, fear, sex; secretes hormones, autonomic), pineal gland (regulates circadian rhythyms, secretes melatonin |
| midbrain | brain part responsbile for visual and auditoy reflexes |
| hindbrain | cerebellum (in occip. lobe, motor coord., time keeping, tactile input); pons (relays sensory input to cerebellum); medulla oblongata (long, thin, tapering expansion of spinal cord into brain, relay info between the two, control of respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive functions) |
| reticular formation | fibers, structures starting at medulla, goes up through brain, allows for focusing on what's important |
| hemispheric lateralization | opposite side of brain controls the other obdy half; neurons decussate (process fo cutting over) in spinal cord/brainstem; 90% of motor neruons decussate in medulla; areas of decussation = comissures (where right and left cerebrum communicate) |
| corpus collosum | areas of decussation = comissures (where right and left cerebrum communicate) |
| cerebrum | cortex (gray matter, covered in cell bodies); sulci (grooves) and gyri (ridges) -> important for SA, more processing power; frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula |
| sensory areas | primary sensory corticles (1st place info seen by eyes goes); sensory association areas (make sense of initial info from eyes) |
| frontal lobe | mood, emotion, planning, voluntary motor function; 1st gyrus = motor |
| parietal lobe | somatosensation (touch), taste, 2nd gyrus = senses |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| temporal lobe | under ear area; hearing, smell, memory |
| insula | taste; adjacent to temporal, very deep folding for SA |
| language | Broca's area (making speech); Wernicke's area (interpreting speech) |
| transduction | receptors of PNS allowing to pick up on stimuli then sent to brain; the senses |
| stimulus types of receptors | thermoreceptors (temperature), photorec. (light), nocireceptors (pain), chemoreceptors (nose, mouth for chemicals), mechanorec. (touch) |
| stimulus locations of receptors | exteroreceptors (outside body stimuli); interoceptors (inside body stimuli) |
| receptor distribution | general senses (speed through body), special senses (concentrated in particular place (eye/ear) |
| general senses | pain, pressure, vibration, heat, cold; nerve endings on skin, adaptation: ST things like getting used to hot/cold water |
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