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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease Schistosoma mansoni Latin Amterica, large intestine, bent spine Schistosoma japonicum Pacific region, small intestine, oval Schistosoma haematobium Africa and Middle East, bladder, terminal spine (bladder cancer) Schistosoma Eggs block blood vessels Wuchereria bancrofti Nematode filariasis Malaria: Merozoites Invade red blood cells reproduce to ring-shaped trophozoites Malaria: Trophozoites Ring shaped, mature to form merozoites Malaria: chills, fever, sweats Produced by periodic release of merozoites Malaria: gametocytes Develope in RBCs and taken up by mosquito and from sporozoites Malaria: Sporozoites Form from gametes in mosquito, travel to salivary glands, infect liver cells Malaria: Schizont Cell infected with merozoites Malaria presentation: RBC destruction; hepatosplenomegaly, blood vessel blockage Malaria Epidemics Associated with non-immune people moving to highly-endemic area Malaria Immunity Where disease is endemic, frequently infected individuals, no uniform or common reaction Babesiosis Transmitted thru Ixodes, co-endemic with Lyme disease Babesiosis life cycle white footed mouse, sporozoites introduced, asexual reproduction, some differentiate, unite in tick, form sporozoites Babesiosis human transmission Human is dead-end host, transmit to other people thru transfusions Babesisosis diagnostic Merozoite visualization, and antibodies Babesiosis tick population influenced by Deer population Babesiosis clinical most are asymptomatic, but fever, chills, sweating, myalgia, hepatosplenomegaly, incubation 1 to 4 weeks Leishmaniasis reproduction amastigotes via binary fusion Leishmaniasis Amastigote Form in macrophage, transform to promastigote in midgut Leishmaniasis Amastigote reproduction binary fusion in macrophage Leishmaniasis Promastigote reproduction binary fusion in proboscis Leishmaniasis, Visceral clinical fever, wieght loss, hepatosplenomegaly, some have swollen glands, Low R/W/platelet count Leishmaniasis tests Geisma stain, isolation, antibody T. b. rhodesiense East and southern Africa, acute T. b. gambiense West and central Africa, progress slowly Trypanosome transmission Tsetse fly, cattle/wild animals are a reservoir, fly acquire from biting infected Trypanosome metacyclic trypomastigote transformed in salivary glands, injected, transform in blood stream Trypanosome trypomastigote transform in blood stream, carried to other sites, binary replication, picked up by fly Trypanosome procytic trypomastigote transform in midgut, binary fusion, leave midgut Trypanosome epimastigotes travel to salivary gland from midgut Trypanosome clinical malaise, lassitude, and irregular fevers, early: fever and enlarged lymph, followed by: HA, anemia, joint pain, swollen tissues, neurological and endocrine Trypanosome tests Wet mount, antibody Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote forms in hindgut, injected, transforms to amastigotes T. cruzi Amastigotes multiply by binary fusion in tissues, transform into trypomastigots that burst and enter blood stream T. cruzi Trypomastigotes pick up, transform to epimastigote in midgut T. cruzi Epimastigote travel to midgut, binary fusion, travel to hindgut T. cruzi clinical sore at bite, if near eye Romana's sign, within a few days, fever, swollen lymph nodes may develop T. cruzi chronic Invading organs, cardiac, intestinal, and esophageal T. cruzi tests We mount, and Giesma stain W. bancrofti Nematode, asciris W. bancrofti transmission Mosquito, infect with larval form, live for years, reinfect mosquitoes W. bancrofit clinical lodged in lymphatics, elephantiasis W. bancrofit adult in lymphatics, produce microfilariea W. bancrofit microfilariae ensheathed, migrate into lymph and blood, picked up by mosquito, sheath shed in midgut, migrate to thoracic muscle W. bancrofit L1 Larva form in throacic muscles on mosquito W. bancrofit L3 Larvae transformed from L1 larvae, migrate to head and mosquito proboscis, infect human W. bancrofit clinical Asymptomatic; lymph and kidney, Acute: filarial fever, inflammation of lymph nodes and ducts, accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic; elephantiasis and hydrocoele