1.
active carrier: people who are symptomatic and shed, transmit or excrete the pathogen
2.
acute: more or less rapid onset and short duration
3.
attenuation: dilution or weakening of virulence of microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity
4.
bacteremia: the presence of bacteria in the blood, they do not grow or multiply
5.
biological vector: an arthropod vector in which the disease causing organism multiplies or develops within the arthropod prior to becoming infective for a susceptible individual
6.
capsules: the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis
7.
chemical defenses: body secretions ( lysosome, gastric juices ) antibody, interferon
8.
chronic: more or less slow onset and long duration
9.
chronic carrier: frequently people who are asymptomatic and transmit the pathogen for more than a year
10.
coagulase: aids in the bloods ability to clot
11.
communicable: a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
12.
congenital: mother to fetus through the placenta or during childbirth
13.
contagious: an infectious disease capable of being transferred from host to host
14.
contamination: the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance, an inanimate (non living) object, a fomite
15.
convalescent carrier: people who are recovering or convalescing from the disease and are a source of the pathogen
16.
direct transmission: passed through some sort of person-to-person contact
17.
disease: a condition of the host where visible injury has occurred as a result of an adversarial relationship with a parasite, usually results in signs and symptoms, a shift in the equilibrium between the host and the infecting agent
18.
droplet infection (aerosol spray): generation of contaminated respiratory mucous into the atmosphere and inhaled by susceptible hosts, coughing, sneezing, laughing or talking
19.
drug fast: resistant to the action of a drug or drugs
20.
elective localization site ( tissue affinity site ): the favored site of infection of a pathogen
21.
endemic: a disease that occurs continuously in a particular region but has low mortality; continuously present in a community
22.
endoenzyme: enzyme produced and retained in the body of the pathogen for digestion of the host
23.
endogenous: produced or arising from within a host, normally nonpathogenic
24.
endospores: a thick walled spore within a bacterium that allows it to become "dormant"
25.
endotoxin: bacterial toxin confined within the cell wall of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down, generally found only in gram negative bacteria
26.
entry of pathogens, digestive tract: ingestion of infected or contaminated food and water
27.
entry of pathogens, genitourinary tract: sexually transmitted and urinary system diseases
28.
entry of pathogens, placenta: transfer from mother to fetus through the placenta
29.
entry of pathogens, respiratory tract: often invaded by airborne pathogens but also can occur after touching contaminated surfaces and then touching mouth or nose or inhaling spores
30.
entry of pathogens, skin and mucous membranes: abrasions, lesions and open wounds in skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and ears
31.
epidemic: appearance or an infectious disease or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same geographical area; currently in higher that normal numbers
32.
exoenzyme (ectoenzyme): enzyme produced by the pathogen and secreted outside the body into the host such as hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin and coagulase
33.
exogenous: originating outside the host, organisms not usually present in the body
34.
exotoxin: a toxin usually protein produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium, generally produced by gram positive bacteria
35.
fibrinolysin: enzyme capable of digesting fibrin threads present in blood clots, prevents coagulation of blood
36.
focal infection: one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body
37.
fomite: any inanimate ( non-living ) object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted
38.
food: inadequate cooking or improper handling
39.
general infection: an infection that becomes systemic
40.
hemolysin: an exotoxin that destroys RBC of the host
41.
hyaluronidase: the "spreading factor" capable of dissolving hyaluronic acid ( cell glue that holds CT together )
42.
hypothermogen: an endotoxin that depresses the temperature of the body of the host, produces chills
43.
indigenous flora: synonymous with normal flora indicates the microbial population that lives with the host in a healthy condition
44.
indirect transmission: passed indirectly after remaining in the environment for an undetermined period of time
45.
infection: the entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host (living)
46.
infestation: the harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms. such as ticks or mosquitoes
47.
leucocidin: an exotoxin that destroys WBC of the host
48.
local infection: infection caused by a germs lodging and multiplying at one point in a tissue and remaining there
49.
mechanical defenses: skin, mucus membranes, bony encasements
50.
mechanical vector: a living organism capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or substances, the infective agent does not grow or develop in or on the vector
51.
milk: direct contact with droplet spray from the handler or indirect contact with feces, urine, or insect vector
52.
mixed infection: infection caused by two or more organisms
53.
non-communicable disease: a disease that is not transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
54.
opportunist: an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions, cannot overcome natural defenses or healthy host , usually follow other diseases
55.
pandemic: a disease affecting the majority of the population or a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world; epidemic, widespread event or world wide event
56.
passive carrier: people who are never symptomatic and excrete the pathogen for less than a year
57.
pathogenicity: the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease, the ability to cause disease
58.
physical contact: casual touching or intimate contact such as handshake kissing or sexual contact
59.
physiological defenses: inflammation fever phagocytosis
60.
primary infection: the "first" infection that a host has after a period of health, an acute infection that causes the initial illness.
61.
pyrogen: an endotoxin that elevates the temperature of the body of the host produces fever
62.
sapremia: the presence of saprophytes in the blood
63.
secondary infection: infection caused by a different organism than the one causing the primary infection because the primary infection weakens the host
64.
septicemia: condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood
65.
soil: dust can be inhaled or come in contact with open wounds
66.
sporadic: a disease which occurs occasionally or in scattered instances; occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner
67.
terminal infection: the last infection a host will ever have
68.
toxemia: the presence of toxins in the blood
69.
toxin: a poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial or fungal origin
70.
true pathogen: parasite that can invade and penetrate through healthy, susceptible host;s defenses or produce harmful or toxic substances that overcome host;s resistance, an organism that due to its own virulence is able to produce disease, aka primary pathogen
71.
vectors: insect or other arthropod carrier that transmits pathogen from infected to non infected hosts, can be carried internally or externally
72.
vehicles of exit of pathogens: feces, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, sputum, saliva, blood, pus and lesion exudates, tears
73.
viremia: the presence of viruses in the blood
74.
virulence: relative power of an organism to produce disease, degree of ability to cause disease, more quantitative
75.
water: untreated contaminated water supplies
76.
zoonoses: diseases communicable from animals or animal products to humans
