Mitosis
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Created by:
bigdaddymac on November 20, 2011
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell division | cellular reproduction. -unicellular organisms: one cell divides, reproduce entire organism. multicellular organisms: development from a fertilized cell, growth, repair. |
| cell cycle | the life of a cell from formation to its own division. |
| most cell division results in... | daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA. |
| meiosis | produces nonidentical daughter cells. |
| genome | all the DNA in a cell: can consist of single or many DNA molecules. |
| chromosomes | Packaged DNA molecules in a cell. -each species has a set number of chromosomes (humans 46, hedgehogs 90). |
| somatic cells | (nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes. |
| gametes | have half of chromosomes (humans 23) |
| before cell division: | DNA replicated, chromosomes condense. |
| sister chromatids | duplicated chromosomes |
| centromere | site where chromatids most closely attached. |
| what is chromatin made up of? | DNA and proteins |
| mitosis | division of genetic material in nucleus. |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm. |
| mitotic (M) phase | mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| interphase | 90% of the cycle; cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division. |
| eukaryotic cell division | -mitosis -cytokinesis |
| overall cell cycle | -mitotic phase -interphase |
| interphase | -g1 phase (first gap; cell growth) -s phase (synthesis; cell growth and chromosome duplication) -g2 phase (second gap; cell growth) |
| what is being synthesized in the S phase of interphase? | DNA |
| mitosis | prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| at what stage is the cell just prior to mitosis? | G2 |
| G2 of interphase | -nuclear envelope surrounds nucleus. -centrosome has duplicated. -chromatin has duplicated (but not yet condensed). |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center. has two centrioles. part of the mitotic spindle. |
| mitotic spindle | apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis. -includes centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters. |
| aster | radial array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome. |
| prophase | chromatin condenses into sister chromatids; assembly of spindle microtubules begins, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles as spindle microtubules grow out from them. |
| kinetochores | a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of DNA at each centrosome. -a chromosome has 2 kinetochores facing in opposite directions. |
| prometaphase | nuclear envelope fragments; chromatids get kinetochores; some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores and jerk back and forth; nonkinetochore microtubule attachments also form. |
| metaphase | -centrosomes at opposite poles. -chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, the midway point between the spindle's two poles. -kinetochores arranged so for each chromosome, one kinetochore attached towards each pole. |
| anaphase | sister chromatids separate (cohesion proteins cleaved); each chromosome moves along kinetochore microtubules toward opposite poles. -microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at kinetochore ends. -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating cell. |
| telophase | genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell; nuclear envelopes form; chromosomes become less dense; spindle dissolves. |
| what material is the metaphase plate made of? | nothing it is imaginary. |
| cytokinesis | separation of cytoplasm occurs differently in animal and plant cells. -each new cell gets its share of cytosol, organelles, etc. |
| cytokinesis (animal cell) | cytokinesis occurs by cleavage; a process of forming a cleavage furrow, or contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with myosin, that pinches the parent cell in two. |
| cytokinesis (plant cell) | cytokinesis occurs by forming a cell plate; coalesced vesicles containing cell wall materials, that eventually grows to fuse with membrane around cell, dividing cell into two. |
| centrosome, centriole, centromere | centrosome: microtubule organizing center that is part of the mitotic spindle. -centriole: this is one of the two bodies marking the location of the centrosome. -centromere: this is the tight point of connection between two sister chromatids (region of specific DNA sequences where chromatids attach most closely). |
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