| Term | Definition |
|---|
| balance of power | equal power among nations |
| blockade | forcible closing of ports |
| Concordat | a formal agreement especially one between the pope and a government,dealing with the control of Church affairs |
| Conservative | in the first half of the 19th century a European-mainly wealthy landowners and nobles-who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe |
| Coup d'etat | a sudden,bloodless seizure of political power in a nation |
| Creole | In Spanish colonial society a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents |
| Guerilla | A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his/her country |
| Junkers | conservative members or Prussia's landowning class |
| Legitimacy | Hereditary right of a monarch to rule |
| Liberal | In the first half of the 19th century a European-mainly middle-class buisness leaders and merchants-who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments |
| Lycees | French government-run by public schools |
| Mercantilism | economic policy in which nations seek an increase of power by selling more finished goods to their colonies than the raw materials they bought from them |
| mestizos | persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry |
| Mulattos | persons of mixed European and African ancestry |
| Nation-state | a state having its own independent government |
| Nationalism | political system in which a persons greatest loyalty is to the nation not the king |
| Peninsulare | people in Latin America born in Spain |
| Plebiscite | direct vote of the people |
| Radicals | people who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people |
| realpolitik | politics of reality |
| Scorched-earth policy | practice of burning fields and killing livestock to keep advancing army from having food |
| Sans-culottes | radical Parisian wage earners who wanted greater voice in government |
| Emigre | nobles and others who left France during peasant uprisings and who hoped to come to the old system |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Document that guranteed rights such as liberty and property to all |
| Legislative Assembly | Replaced National Assembly: took away most of King's power |
| Committe of Public Safety | Led by Rebespierre's;enemies of the republic were executed |
| Reign of Terror | the period of Robespierres's rule; period of killing and unrest |
| Robespierre | Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility |
| Guillontine | Machine for beheading people |
| National razor | Nickname for the guillontine |
| Old Regime | Social and political system of France in the 1770s |
| Estates | Three large social classes |
| First Estate | Made up of clergy |
| Second Estate | Made up of rich nobles |
| Third Estate | Made up of bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers |
| Louis XVI | King of France at the time of the France Revolution |
| Marie Antoinette | Queen of France; wife of Louis XVI; daughter of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria |
| The Bastille | French prison that became known as a symbol of the royal abuse of power |
| Estates-General | Assembly of representatives from all three estates |
| Tennis Court Oath | Pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up |
| Jacobins | Radical political organization |
| Jean-Paul Marat | Radical revolutionary journalist |
| Reign of Terror | Period during Robespierre ruled |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Former slave who became a general and a rebel forces against French to gain independence from Hispaniola, which became independent country from Haiti |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Catholic priest who led independence movement in Mexico |
| Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan Creole, known as the Liberator, who helped drive Spanish out of northern/eastern part of South America |
| Jose de San Martin | Revolutionary leader, born in Argentina, who freed Chile and joined Bolivar to free Peru |
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