1.
∆: putting this symbol over the reaction arrow means that you must heat the reactants to get the products
2.
1 L: = 1 dm³
3.
1 mole of gas @ STP: has volume of 22.4 dm³ or 22.4 L
4.
activity series: the ranking of elements in order of their chemical reactivities
5.
alkanes: a group of the hydrocarbons that always has carbon and hydrogen; C(subscript n)H(subscript 2n+2)
6.
atomic mass: weighted average mass of atoms in a naturally occurring element
7.
atomic number: # of protons in an atom of an element
8.
Atomic Radius Trend: increases as you go down a group b/c of increasing energy levels; decreases across periods b/c more valence electrons mean they are more attracted to the nucleus(thus making the atom tighter in size)
9.
atoms: most positive charge and mass is in the nucleus; can't know how fast an e⁻ is moving/where it is; e⁻ cloud is mostly empty space; region of probability
10.
Avogadro's Number: 6.022x10²³
11.
Boiling Point Trend: highest boiling points in group 13/14(metalloids); lowest points on the graph are noble gases(group 18)
12.
brittle: shatters when struck; usually a property of nonmetals
13.
chemical change: when a substance changes into one or more new substances; no longer the same substance anymore; cannot be changed back to original substance
14.
chemical property: a property observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a sample of matter; Ex: iron rusting
15.
combustion(C): a type of reaction; burning; O₂ is always a reactant and CO₂ and H₂O are products; always redox
16.
conductor: can create an electric current
17.
deciding between ores: 1. quantity of the desired ore found at teh mining site
2. % of desired metal in the ore
3. expense of the mining/processing to extract the metal from the ore
4. the specific supply vs. demand status of the metal
5.environmental impact of the mining/metal processing
18.
decomposition(D): a type of reaction; 1 compound splits to form 2 separate products; AB→A+B; sometimes redox
19.
Density Trend: nonmetals are the lowest points; transition metals are the highest; if you take out the transition metals group 13/14 is the highest; group 1 stays fairly low and constant
20.
double displacement classifications: precipitation, gas formation, and acid-base rxns (we are mostly focused on precipitation for now)
21.
Double Displacement(DD): a type of reaction; a metal will switch with another metal and nonmetal with nonmetal; AX+BY→AY+BX; never redox; can be classified as precipitation, gas formation, and acid-base rxns
22.
ductile: most metals are this; can be drawn into wires
23.
Hydrogen isotope examples: ₁¹H, ₁²H, ₁³H (different numbers of neutrons but the atomic number(protons) stays the same) (atomic # is the bottom and the mass # is on top)
24.
importance of STP for gases: pressure and temperature are related very closely for gases; volume changes particularly a lot for pressure; not as important for liquids and solids since they are more stable
25.
Ionization Trend: highest points are for noble gases since they have 8 valence electrons and that means it takes more energy to remove electrons; lowest points are in group 1 since they only have 1 valence electron; A + IE ->A⁺ + e⁻
26.
isotopes: atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons
27.
labels for rxns: solid, liquid, gas, aqueous
28.
limiting reactants problems: the problem will have 2 givens; solve for both and you will get 2 answers; usually the real answer is the smaller one of the two since you can only make so much of that thing in a reaction
29.
luster: a quality of pure metals; shiny and reflect light
30.
malleable: able to be flattened without shattering; usually a property of metals
31.
mass number: sum of protons and neutrons in 1 atom of an element
32.
Mendeleev: he arranged the Periodic Table by masses, also with reactivity to chlorine
33.
metal properties: ductile, malleable, shiny, conductive, not brittle, on left side of zigzag line
34.
metalloid properties: mixture of metal and nonmetal properties
35.
Metals: lose electrons; form positive cations; Oxidation(OIL)
36.
minerals: naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest
37.
Mosely: used atomic number to form Periodic Table
38.
nonconductor: cannot create an electric current
39.
nonmetal properties: brittle, dull, not ductile/malleable on right side of zigzag line, not conductive
40.
Nonmetals: gain electrons; form negative anions; Reduction(RIG)
41.
nucleus: the concentrated region of positive charge in the center of an atom(positive b/c of protons)
42.
OIL: Oxidation Is Loss of electrons
43.
ore: a naturally occurring rock/mineral that can be mined for metal or other material
44.
oxidation: loss of 1 or more electrons in a reaction
45.
oxidation number: the number that shows the loss/gain of electrons in an element of an element/compound or reaction
46.
percent composition: to find the mass% (not the # of atoms) in a given ore; use the molar mass of the desired metal divided by the total molar mass of the compound and then multiply by 100; (mass metal÷total mass) ∗100% = the % of the metal in the ore
47.
physical change: a change in appearance through its form, the material still has the same chemical properties
48.
physical property: a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the material; Ex: color, density, odor
49.
redox reactions: oxidation-reduction reactions; oxidation and reduction cannot occur without the other
50.
redox rule: # of electrons gained must equal the # of electrons lost; in these type of reactions there is an uncombined element
51.
reduction: gain of 1 or more electrons in a reaction
52.
RIG: Reduction Is Gain of electrons
53.
Single Displacement(SD): a type of reaction; AX+Y→AY+X(the A stays constant) or AX+B→BX+A(for metals); always redox
54.
standard pressure: 1 atm(atmosphere) / 101.3 kPa / 760 mm per Hg
55.
standard temperature: 0°C / 273 K
56.
stoichiometry: mole ratios used for finding more info out about reactions
57.
stoichiometry steps: 1. Balanced Chemical Equation
2. Convert given to moles
3. "Magic Mole Ratio"(MMR)
4. Convert to grams/volume gas/# particles
58.
STP: standard temperature-pressure
59.
synthesis(S): a type of reaction; 2 or more elements/simple compounds combine to form 1 complex compound; A+B→AB; sometimes redox
