Microbiology I - STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1
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88 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bacillus | Rod shaped bacterium |
| Bacteriology | study of microorganisms called bacteria |
| Biology | study of all living organisms both plant and animal |
| Botany | study of plant live |
| Capsule | A slimy mucilaginous (mucous-gelatin like) coating outside the cell wall |
| Cell membrane | A semi-permeable membrane found just inside the cell wall. Serves to control the osmosis of substances into and out of the cell. |
| Cell Wall | It is responsible for maintaining the size & shape of a living cell. Also serves as a reference point for describing the location of other cell parts. |
| Coccus | Spherical or round bacterium |
| Conjugation | A form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria |
| Cytoplasm | The semi-fluid material inside the cell |
| Diplobacillus | Two rod shaped cells forming a pair |
| Diplococci | Two Coccus shaped cells clinging together |
| Endospore | serves as a source of protection when environmental conditions are not favorable for survival or growth. Such as in conditions of heat drying, poor nutrient supply and chemical exposure. |
| Eucaryotic | microorganisms with a well-defined or "true" nucleus with a nuclear membrane. |
| Fimbriae | (Also known as Pili) Found externally but extend through the cell wall to attach to the cell membrane. Serves as a mechanism of attachment of the cell to a surface. Serves to mediate a form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria. |
| Flagella | Found external of the cell wall they provide motility for the cell |
| Germination | When the conditions for growth improve the Endospore will then convert into a living, growing, vegetative cell. |
| Granules | Inclusion bodies; Serve as a storage place for food reserves or as an accumulation point for substances formed in excess of the immediate needs of the cell. |
| Immunity | The condition in which protection either natural or acquired, is obtained against disease causing agents. |
| Immunology | The study of immunity |
| Inclusion bodies | Granules; Serve as a storage place for food reserves or as an accumulation point for substances formed in excess of the immediate needs of the cell. |
| Mesosome | Aids the cell in reproduction by separating the new copies o DNA. It serves as the location of enzymes necessary for bacterial reproduction. |
| Microbiology | The study of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms. |
| Micro meter | the most used unit of measurement for bacteria. It is 1 millionth of a meter or 1/1000 of a millimeter. Also 1/25,400 of an inch. |
| Microorganism | Any plant or animal that must be studied using a microscope. |
| Mold | multi-cellular Eucaryotic organisms. Reproduce by conidia or zygote formation |
| Morphology | The size & shape and arrangement of cells. |
| Mycology | The study of fungi. (mold yeast) |
| Nuclear body | the location of the bacterial DNA. It functions as the brain of a cell it a carries the inheritable characteristics of the cell, it controls metabolism. |
| Pili | (Also called Fimbriae) - Found externally but extend through the cell wall to attach to the cell membrane. Serves as a mechanism of attachment of the cell to a surface. Serves to mediate a form of sexual reproduction utilized by bacteria. |
| Procaryotic | Do not have an organized nuclear body within a membrane. |
| Protozoology | The study of single cell animals. |
| Ribosomes | The site of protein synthesis. It builds the protein that are necessary for cell growth and metabolism. |
| Rickettsiology | The study of Rickettsia - small obligate intracellular parasites. |
| Sarcinae | A cubical packet of eight spherical cells. |
| Spirillum | A spiral shape bacterial that remains ridged when in motion. |
| Spirochete | A spiral shape bacteria that bends when in motion. |
| Sporulation | when a cell is stimulated to form an Endospore. |
| Staphylococci | Three or more cocci forming a cluster |
| Streptobacillus | Three or more bacilli attached end to end to form a chain |
| Tetrad | A grouping of four shaped Coccus shaped cells |
| Vibrio | A curved or comma shape. |
| Virology | The study of viruses |
| Yeast | A fungi. A single-celled eucaryoic organism; reproduces by budding. |
| Zoology | The study of animal life. |
| Explain why it is important for an embalmer to study pathology. (Microbiology) | - To recognize the importance of bacterial as related to human digestion & nutrition. - To understand how microbes function as normal flora to protect humans against infection by more virulent organisms. - To recognize the benefits of bacteria such as breakdown of human sewage - To understand the importance of bacteria in the process of decomposition. - To understand how the transmission of diseases so to protect against the transmission of diseases in the prep-room. - Recognize the microbiological conditions that may require special procedures. - Demonstrate knowledge of the terminology to enable competent communications. - Understand why cooperation in the community to control disease is important. |
| Describe bacteria as we did under bacteriology on page 2 of the outline. | A group of organisms that: - Are singled celled - They lack a nuclear membrane - They do not contain chlorophyll - May be able to move about independently - Reproduce by an asexual process called binary fission. |
| What other organisms besides bacteria are prokaryotic | None. Only blue-green algae |
| How do yeasts reproduce? | By budding |
| How do molds reproduce? | By conidia or zygote formation (spores) |
| Describe rickettsia and viruses in detail. | Rickettsia - Small obligate intracellular parasites - Cause disease characterized by fever and skin rash - Transmitted to humans by lice, fleas, mites and/or ticks Viruses - Contain only one type of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA Non-cellular; therefore they are obligate intracellular parasites - Require an electron microscope to be seen - Depend on host survival in order to survive |
| What is the lowest division of the animal kingdom? | Single cell animals |
| What causes malaria and amoebic dysentery? | Single cell animal / parasites |
| What reproduces by binary fission? | Bacteria |
| What two groups lack a nuclear membrane? | Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae |
| What two groups are obligate intracellular parasites? | Rickettsia and Viruses |
| Where would only one type of nucleic acid be found? | In a virus |
| Where would a protein coat be found? | On a virus |
| What requires an electron microscope to be seen? | Virus |
| What science would include a study of antigen-antibody reactions? | Immunology |
| Thoroughly describe binomial nomenclature. | - a system developed by botanist Carolus Linnaeus - It provides a first name call - the genus is always capitalized and the species is not. -The writing or typing the name, the entire name is either italics or underlined. - It can be seen in "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" in the following order: Kingdom, phylam (division), class, order, family, genus, speciesed a "genus" and a second name call a "species". When writing the name |
| What is the first name of a bacterium? | Genus |
| What is the second name of a bacterium? | Species |
| Give the correct Sequence of the naming system used for bacterium. | Kingdom, Phylam, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
| How many Micrometers are in a millimeter? | 1000 |
| Compare a µM (micro-meter) to an inch. | 1 micro-meter is equal to 1/25 400 of an inch |
| List the groups of microorganisms from largest to smallest. | - Protozoa - 100 µM - Yeast & molds (fungi) 40 µM - Bacteria - 1 -20 µM - Rickettsia & mycoplasmas - 0.4 µM - Virus - 0.01 µM |
| Which shape of bacteria shows the most diversity in cellular arrangement? | Cocci |
| Which shape of bacteria shoes the least diversity in cellular arrangement? | Spirals |
| What maintains the size and shape of a bacterial cell? | Cell Wall |
| What part of a bacterial cell serves as a reference point for describing the location of other cell parts? | Cell Wall |
| Where is the cell membrane found? | Just inside the cell wall |
| What controls the osmotic movement of materials into and out of a bacterial cell? | Cell Membrane |
| What provides the secretory and ecretory functions for a bacterial cell? | Cell Membrane |
| Describe the capsule. | A slimy mucilaginous (mucous- gelatin like) coating outside of the cell walls. |
| List two ways a capsule protects a bacterial cell. | - By acting as a buffer against harmful chemical - By resisting dehydration |
| List two ways a capsule increases the virulence of a bacterium. | - By inhibiting or retarding phagocytosis - Helps the cell to attach to surfaces |
| What are the two functions of the Mesosome? | - It aids the cell in reproduction by separating the new copies of DNA - It serves as the location of enzymes necessary for bacterial reproduction |
| What acts the brain of a bacterial cell? | Nuclear body |
| What controls bacterial metabolism? | Nuclear body |
| Where is the bacterial DNA located? | Nuclear body |
| What does bacterial DNA do? | - It carries the inheritable characteristics of the cell - It controls metabolism |
| Why do some bacteria form spores? | Serves as a source of protection when environmental conditions are not favorable for survival or growth. |
| What genera of bacteria produce spores? | Bascillus & Clostridium |
| List the diseases that are caused by the spore-forming bacteria. | - Gas gangrene - Tissue gas (in the dead) - Anthrax - Botulism - Tetanus |
| What serves as the storage place for food reserves and other excess materials in the bacterial cell? | "Inclusion bodies" also called "granules" |
| What part of a bacterium enhances its ability to colonize and infect? | "Pili" also called "Fimbriae" |
| What two structures of a bacterial cell make it better able to attach to surfaces? | Capsule andPili |
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