| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Acids | - chemical that dissolves in water, releasing H + ions = ionization |
| Bases | chemical that dissolves in water releasing OH - ions (hydroxide ions) |
| PH Scale | measure how acidic or bases something is. Ranges from 0-14. Stronger the acid lower the PH and stronger the base higher the pH. pure substances scale of 7. |
| Democritus | Greek philsopher, said that matter was made of tiny partices |
| atoms | "not Splitting" |
| Dalton | founder of modern atomic theory, suggests atoms com together to make molecules (true), all atoms of the same elements are the same as each other (sometimes true), and atoms can not be broken down (false) |
| protons | 1 amu, positive charge, found in nucleus |
| neutrons | 1 amu, no charge, found in nucleus |
| electrons | 0 amu, negative charge, found circling the nucleus |
| orbitals | where electrons are most likely found within each energy level |
| Valence Electrons | electrons in the outer most energy level, involved in forming bonds with other atoms, and dictate how atoms behave or how atoms carry out chemical reaction |
| Octet Rule | when an atom have 8 valence electrons in its outer shell, stable; excepts elements 1-5 |
| periodic table | a chart which organizes the elements according to periodic law |
| periodic law | patterns that are formed when atoms are arranged according to their atomic number |
| cation | positive charge ion |
| anion | negative charge ion |
| ions | different number of protons and electrons, gain or loss of electrons |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| atomic mass | number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
| isotopes | atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| metals | majority of elements, to the left of the stair case line, shiny solids that conduct heat & electricity well |
| nonmetals | solids, liquids, or gases, to the right of the staircase line + hyrdogen, conduct heat and electricity poorly |
| Semiconductor | lie along the staircase line betweens metals and nonmetals, they are intermediate/ moderate conductors of heat and electricity |
| Alkali Metals | extremely reactive, are not found alone in nature, form +1 ions |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | Very reactive, as neutral atom they have 2 valence electrons, not found in nature alone, form +2 ions, commonly found in soil, rock, and earth |
| Transition Metals | typical metals, |
| Halogens | (nonmetal), very reactive, not found in nature alone, have 7 valence electrons, forms -1 ions, commonly bond with alkali metals |
| Noble Gases | (nonmetal), nonreactive, found solo in nature, have 8 valence electrons, aka inert gases |
| Mole | word that represents a number |
| Molar Mass | mass (in grams) of one mole of a substance |
| Compound | substance that is made of two or more elements |
| Chemical Bond | any kind of attractive force that joins the atoms or ions together |
| Mixtures | combinations of pure substances |
| Network Structure | in ionic compounds, highly organized structure, repeating pattern of alternating cations and anions, very strong, very high melting points |
| Molecular Structure | in covalents molecules, no ordered patterns in molecules, individual molcules have structure but there is no order in how many molecules are joined together, bonds within one molecules are strong but intermolecular are not, they have low melting points |
| Hydrogen Bonds | weak form of attraction between the oxygen on one molecule and the hydrogen on the other, intermolecular |
| Ionic Bonds | opposite charges attract, ions tend to form a strong network structure, positive charges must balance out with the negative charges, conduct electricty well when dissolved in water, and high melting point |
| Metallic Bonds | transition metal, nuclei of atoms surrounded by a "sea of Electrons", electrons flow freely not bonded to a single nucleus, conduct electricity well |
| Alloys | combination of metals and sometimes nonmetals --> exhibit metallic bonds |
| Covalent Bond | sharing valence electrons, atoms share electrons to get a stable shell, poor conductors, low melting points |
| Polar vs. nonpolar | electrons are not sharee equally in one, one part of teh covalent molecule is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative |
| electronegativity | these elments pull very strongly on electrons, more strong the higher and to the right (exulde noble gases) |
| polyatomic ions | ion made of more than one atom, charged covalent molecule, functions just like an ion, pay attention to its charge |
| Malleable | bendable, able to form a new shape, flexible |
| Ionic Compound | metal+nonmetal, charges must balance, metal comes first (names stays the same) nonmetal comes last (name ends in "--ide") |
| transition metal | can form various cation powers, in the name we use roman numerals to indicate the charge |
| Covalent Molecule | all nonmetals, uses prefixes to indicate the number of atoms present, if only one element do not use prefix on the first name, last element listed end in "--ide" |
| mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca- | prefixes |
| organic compound | covalently bonded molceules with Carbon as its basis, also has hydrogen |
| Proteins, fast, Carbs, and DNA | used by or found in living things |
| Methane | simplest organic compound |
| Cellulose | type of Carb, cell walls of plants |
| Polyethene | type of plastic made from oil |
| Alcohols | manmade or natural |
| Carbon | 4 valence electrons, capable of forming 4 covalent bonds, can form large molecules, all life as we know it is based on this |
| Alkanes | organic molecules that only have single covalent bonds between the Carbon |
| Alkenes | organic molecule that has at least one double covalent bond |
| Polymer | large molecule, long change of repeating subunits |
| biochemical compounds | organic molecules that are found in living things |
| Nucleic Acids | 2 types: DNA and RNA, found in all living cells, and contain instructions for making new cells or running the organism |
| Proteins | important for structure of living cells, important for movement, make up molecules called enzymes |
| Enzymes | molecules that carry out chemical reactions |
| Carbohydrates | monosaccharids "sugars" and polysaccharids "complex carbs", energy molecules |
| Lipids | oils, fats, waxes, used for long term energy storage, lots of energy in molecules, cell membranes, protective coatings |
| Chemical Reactions | change in a substance, new substance is formed, atoms are rearranged bonds are formed and broken |
| color, energy, and production of gas | Visual Signs of Chemical Reaction |
| Reactants | starting materials |
| Products | end result |
| Conservation of Matter/Mass | matter can not be created nor destroyed |
| Conservation of Energy | energy can not be created nor destroyed only transferred |
| heat sound, light, and electricity | Forms of Energy |
| Exothermic | release of heat |
| Endothermic | absorbing heat |
| Synthesis Reaction | two or more reactants combine to make a larger molecule |
| Decomposition Reaction | break down larger molecule into smaller products |
| Combustion Reaction | oxygen + organic compound reacts to produce--> CO2 + H2O + Energy |
| Singel Displacement | one element/ion changes place with another, there will be elements that stand alone on both sides |
| Double Displacement | 2 groups of elements/ions become displaced when 2 ionic compounds exchange ions |
| Redox Reaction | reaction in which one group/ atom becomes oxidized, and another becomes reduced |
| Oxidized | lose electrons |
| Reduction | gain electrons |
| high temperature | faster reaction rate, more movement of particles equals more changes of particles colliding and reacting |
| high surface area | faster reaction rate, increase surface rate equals increase of particles that are exposed which menas it has a better chances of reactants when exposed |
| concentration | faster reaction rate, higher concentration equals more of a substance, which is more of a substance means bigger chance to react |
| higher pressure | faster reaction rate, at higher pressure gas particles are pushed closer together |
| Bulkier | slow reaction rate, large heavy atoms move less and slower |
| Catalyst | substance that makes a reaction move faster and easier, increases reaction rate, doesnot change chemical reaction=reuseable |
| Enzymes | catalyst in a living thing, all made of proteins |
| Equilibrium | no net change, amount of substance is constant |
| Le Chateleir's Principle | if an amount of a substance increases the reaction goes in the opposite direction of that substance, if you decrease the amount of a substance reaction goes in the same direction of that substance |
| Distance | measure of the length of a pathway taht an object travels |
| Displacement | measure of the length from where an object starts to where it stops |
| Velocity | What does the slope of the line in a graph tell you? |
| Average Velocity | of an object over a long period of time total distance by total time |
| Instantaneous Velocity | of an object at a given time |
| Velocity | Distance over time |
| Acceleration | change in velocity over time |
| Change in speed and change in direction | two things that are involved in the change acceleration |
| uniform ciruclar motion | object that moves at a constant speed, but it constantly changes direction as it moves in a circle |
| Linear | moving in a straight path, traveling in only one direction, no change in direction, must change in speed |
| force | push or pull of an object, action that changes the state of motion, and has magnitude and direction |
| Newton's first law | an object at rest wants to stay at rest and an object in motion wants to stay in motion |
| inertia | something will keep doing what it is doing |
| Net force | overall/total amountof forces acting on an object |
| Balanced Force | net force acting on an object balance/cancel eachother out |
| Unbalanced Force | net force acting on an object do not cancel eachother out, change an objects state of motion |
| Friction Force | a force that opposes an object motion when two surfaces are in contact |
| Fluid Friction | friction due to liquids or gases |
| aerodynamics | study of how objects are affected by air resistance |
| radioactivity | energy or particles that radiate out from the substance |
| Nuclear fission | splitting of large nucleus into smaller nuclei |
| Nuclear fusion | combine two small nuclei to make a larger one |
Combine with other sets
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