| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Antigen | A substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response; A substance invading the body that stimulates the production of antibodies. |
| Asthma Pathophysiologic Responses | Increased Mucus Production; Swollen Bronchial Membranes; Smooth Muscle Contraction |
| First Symptom of Asthma | Release of Histamine resulting in Smooth Muscle Contraction |
| Asthma Diagnosis | Chronic Inflammatory Pulmonary Disorder characterized by Reversible Obstruction of the Airways |
| Four Components of Asthma Care Plan | Peak flow monitoring; Avoidance of Triggers; Education; Maintenance Drugs |
| Pharmacological Goals for Asthma Control | No Chronic Symptoms; No Exacerbations; No limitations; Near normal Pulmonary Function; Minimal use of B2 Agonists |
| Bronchiectasis | The destruction and widening of the large airways , Results from a dilation of a bronchus or the bronchi, and can be the result of infection. |
| Two Types of Bronchiectasis | Congenital & Acquired |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Hereditary disorder characterized by lung congestion and infection and malabsorption of nutrients by the pancreas |
| cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductive regulator (CFTCR) | A defect in this gene is believed to be the cause of CF |
| bronchiolitis | inflammation of the bronchioles, typically caused by viral (RSV) |
| Bronchiolitis Signs and Symptoms | generally affects infants; tachypnia and accessory intercostal muscle use; |
| Asthma | A reversible chronic respiratory disease; often arising from allergies; accompanied by labored breathing, airway constriction and remodeling |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | a disease of airflow limitation that is preventable and treatable, however; is not fully reversible |
| Chronic Bronchitis | Productive cough for three of twelve months of the past 2 years |
| Hypertrophy of Mucosa Gland (Bronchitis) | Mucosal glands are grossly enlarged; mucousa production increases |
| Sinusitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses; mucus production is decreased |
| laryngotracheobronchitis | inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel shaped- elongation of tissue causing a distinct cough, barking cough; CXR: Hourglass or Steeple |
| laryngotracheobronchitis AKA | Croup AKA |
| Croup Treatment and Therapy | Cool moist air; O2 if needed; Racemic Epinephrine via Nebulizer; Consider Corticosteroids |
| etiology of Epiglottitis | Bacterial (Haemophilus influenza)- the origin of Epiglottitis, Menengitis & other respiratory infections |
| cor pulmonale | Right sided heart failure; an enlargement of the right ventricle due to pulmonary hypertension, usually caused by chronic lung disease |
| Fungal Pneumonias | Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, Blastomycosis, aspergillosis |
| Streptococcus Pneumoniae | Most common pathogenic source of pneumonia |
| Two clinical signs of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | Chronic Bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi) and Emphysema (the loss of elasticity within the lungs) |
| neutrophils | circulates in blood; most abundant WBC; first responders to microbial infection; lifespan within blood stream 2 days (few hours after entering infected tissue) |
| Pneumonia Defined | inflammation of the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites; or resulting from aspiration of chemicals; consolidation |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia | Pneumonia not acquired in a hospital or long term care facility |
| Bronchoaveolar Lavage (BAL) | A bronchoscope passed through mouth or nose into the lungs, a fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then recollected for examination. |
| Risk groups of pneumonia | Elderly (>65), infants, patients w/ HIV, cancer, diabetes, asthma, COPD, smokers, substance abusers |
| Pneumonia Management | Antibiotics, Supportive- fluids, rest, monitor BP, Pulmonary- Directed cough, bronchodilators, oxygen |
| Elements of Smoking | Chemical addiction, Habitual Behavior, Psychological Connection |
| Types of Smoking Cessation | Counseling, Hypnosis, Motivation, Aversion, Pharmacologic |
| Smoking Quitting Cycle | Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Determination, Action, Maintence, Relapse |
| Legionella | Pneumonia from microbial agent found in systems w/ standing h20, can be cause of HAP |
| Pneumocystis Carinii | pneumonia associated w/ immunocompromised patients (HIV); treatment- Pentamidine |
| Histoplasmosis region | Oh. river valley- So. Ohio, Kentucky, Tenn., Missouri, Arkansas |
| Coccidiomycosis region | "valley fever", San juaqin fever, Around US/Mexican border |
| Aspergilloma | "Fungal balls" that colonize in lung scars |
| Aspiration pneumonia location | typically Right Middle Lobe |
| 3 types of aspiration pneumonia | Chemical (gastric contents, external agents); Particulate (food, foreign objects); Bacterial ( oropharyngeal secretions ( w/ VAP)) |
| TB attack location | upper lobes (aerobic bacillus), can reoccur |
| TB risk groups/ locations | urban dwellers, prisons, military barracks, nursing homes, homeless, where there is alot of immigration (Hispanic, African Americans, Asians) |
| old name for TB | Consumption AKA |
| Atypical pneumonias | Legionella, aspiration pneumonia, HAP, pneumocystis carinii (PCP), fungal infections, TB |
| panlobular emphysema | Emphysema affecting all parts of the lobules; usually associated with a1-antiprotease deficiency |
| Sarcoidosis scenario | atypical, A 25-year-old black woman presents with nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and malaise; she has bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography and elevated ACE levels. What do you diagnose? |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood from the respiratory tract |
| Etiology of Pneumonia | Bacterial, Viral and Mycoplasma |
| Egophony | an increased resonance of voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs(often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis); "Eeee" & "99" |
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis AKA | Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis AKA |
| Silicosis | fibrotic disease of the lungs caused by inhalation, retention, and pulmonary reaction to crystallizing silica |
| Berylliosis | Occupational lung disease, often associated w/exposure to florescent and aerospace (granulomas) |
| pneumonoconiosis | chronic inhalation of dust particles (generally metallic or mineral dust) results in the formation of fibrotic tissue surrounding the alveoli, limiting their ability to stretch and restricting the intake of air. |
| -coniosis | Any of various diseases or pathological conditions caused by dust. |
| Cardinal Sign of Restrictive Airway Disease | Rapid Shallow Breathing |
| Sarcoidosis | chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | formation of fibrous scar tissue in the lungs, which leads to decreased ability to expand lungs, may be caused by infection, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases, and toxin exposure |
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | scarring and stiffening of lung tissue; unknown etiology |
| Characteristics of Restrictive Lung Disease | Decrease in Compliance; "Stiff lungs"; restricts inspiritory airflow |
| Principal Cell Types of Lung Cancer | Non-Small Cell(80% of cases) and Small Cell(oat cell) |
| Adenocarcinoma | a cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. |
| Metastasis | the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs |
| Characteristics of Oat Cell Cancer Cells | Small Cytoplasm, Multiple Nuclei, Multiple and large Nucleoli, Course Chromatin |
| Risk Factors of Lung Cancer | Tobacco Use (90%), Occupational & Environmental Exposures, Genetic Predisposition,Gender, Dietary Factors, COPD, Air polllution |
| Cell types of Non-Small Cell Carcinoma | Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma |
| Pancoast's Tumor AKA | Superior Sulcus Tumor AKA |
| Characteristics of Squamous Cell Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer that is slow growing, starts out as a single tumor, associated with Cigarette Smoke |
| Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma | Lung Cancer that is associated more with women, Occurs in the periphery(glands), Smaller and more spread out |
| Characteristics of Small Cell Lung Cancer | Fast growing, more spread out, More severe tumors |
| Malignant Neoplasm | a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body |
| Three most common Occupational Interstitial Lung Diseases | Asbestosis, Silicosis, CWP-Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis |
| Clinical Signs of Lung Cancer | Dyspnea, Hemoptysis, Hoarseness, Cough, Cachectic Appearance |
| 3 types of Neuromuscular Disease | Traumatic, Progressive/Genetic, Spurious |
| Types of traumatic Neuromuscular Disease | Spinal chord injury, Closed Head Injury, Drug Overdose, Cerebralvascular Accident |
| types of Progressive/ Genetic Neuromuscular Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne's the worst), Multiple Sclerosis |
| Spurious Neuromuscular Diseases | Guillain- Barre Syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Poliomyelitis |
| Myasthenia Gravis | neuromuscular junction disorder, DESCENDING PARALYSIS, use Tonsilon Test |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | degenerates motor neurons, starts peripherally then central, muscles can't contract |
| Guillain- Barre Syndrome | peripheral polyneuritis 1-3 wks. after viral fever, ASCENDING PARALYSIS |
| Muscular Dystrophy | genetically transmitted, atrophy of skeletal muscles w/ normal neural tissue, Duchenne's = the worst form |
| Multiple Sclerosis | demylination of nerve fibers, progressive disease of unknown etiology |
| Polio/ Post- Polio Syndrome- Poliomyelitis | caused by a viral infection, flu- like symptoms can lead to paralysis, doesn't happen in U.S. |
| Blastomycosis AKA | Gilchrist's disease AKA |
| Blastomycosis defined | Fungal pneumonia which occurs by inhalation of the fungus from its natural soil habitat; Generally South-central, South-Eastern and Mid-Western U.S. |
| Small Cell AKA | Oat Cell AKA |
| Etiology of Croup | Viral infestation; parainfluenza |
| Rhinitis | Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or irritants |
| Predominantly Pediatric Upper Airway Obstructions | Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup), Epiglottitis |
| Spurious Neuro-muscular diseases | Poliomyelitis, Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Guillan Barre Syndrome |
| Wave represented by Sinoatrial Depolarization | P Wave |
| Wave represented by Ventricular Depolarization and Atrial Repolarization | QRS Wave |
| Wave represented by Ventricular Repolarization | T Wave |
| Myocardial Infarction | Tissue death caused by the occlusion of one or more of the Coronary Arteries |
| Heart problem associated with COPD | Cor Pulmonale (Right side heart failure which leads to peripheral edema) |
| Thrombocytes Defined | platelets, fragments of cells that contain enzymes and help in clotting |
| B lymphocytes Defined | form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections |
| Monocytes Defined | A type of white blood cell that is a phagocyte. |
| Most likely effect idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has on the lung | Decreases the Static Compliance within the lung |
| Eosinophils | White blood cells that are responsible for combating infection of parasites in the body |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | quite common with asthma patients; acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain |
| Obtunded Defined | hard to arouse, appear confused if awake; need lots of stimulation to stay awake |
| Cachexia defined | general physical wasting and malnutrition associated with chronic disease |
| Anaphylactic Shock | an acute allergic response that can result in death |
| Cardiogenic Shock | a disease state where heart damage prevents sufficient blood flow resulting in shock |
| Septic Shock | shock that results from general infection in the bloodstream |
| Hypovolemic Shock | Shock resulting from large scale blood loss |
| pulmonary edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs often caused by congestive heart failure |
| Pulmonary Embolism | A thrombus blocking the pulmonary artery; you will have ventilation but no prefusion; ventilation/perfusion scan often ordered to assess this condition |
| Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction | Dyspnea; Anxiety; Severe and Heavy Chest Pain in excess of 30 Mins; Nausea |
| Atherosclerosis | Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. |
| Modality to confirm Myocardial Infarction | Electro Cardio Gram (ECG) |
| Troponin levels | Test levels remain high for 24-48 Hours following Myocardial Infacrction |
| Shock Defined | Inadequate flow of blood to the body's peripheral tissues |
Combine with other sets
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