Lab Practical 4
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Created by:
ktherrmann on November 23, 2011
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Components of a Reflex Arc | Sensory Receptor Sensory Neuron Integrating center Motor neuron Effector |
| Patellar reflex | Hammer strikes tendon Tendon bends and stretches attached muscle Muscle contracts to relieve stretch |
| Flexor and Crossed Extensor Reflexes | Paired reflex |
| Corneal reflex | Mediated by Trigeminal Nerve V- causes the blinking action |
| Pupillary light and consensual reflex | Paired reflexes, shining light leads to pupil constriction in both eyes Pupillary reflex- ipsilateral Consensual reflex- contralateral side |
| Ciliospinal reflex | SNS causes vasodilation of the pupil on the same side as a stimulus |
| Salivary reflex | Mediated by cranial nerve Facial VII, and Glossopharangeal IX. Stimulate glands to increase saliva production at the sight or smell of food |
| Somatic Sensation | General- Originate form either sensory somatic receptors (skin or skeletal muscles) or visceral somatic receptors Special- From special sense organs like eye, inner ear, nose, taste buds |
| General somatic receptors | Modified sensory nerve cell endings (sensory receptors and neurons are on the same cell) (Sensory neurons are house in special places and have cells that communicate with the sensory neurons) |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | Location: Dermal papillae of hairless skin Stimuli: Touch and pressure |
| Hair Root Plexus | Location: surrounds hair follicles Stimuli: Touching hair |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | Location:Subcutaneous and submucosal tissue, joints, tendons, and muscles Stimuli: Touch and pressure |
| Merkel Discs | Location: Associated with Merkel cells in stratum basale layer of epidermis Stimuli: Touch and pressure |
| Ruffini's Corpuscles | Location: Dermis, ligaments, tendons Stimuli: Stretching of digits and limbs |
| Muscle spindles | Location: Most skeletal muscles Stimuli: Changes in muscle length |
| Tendon organs | Location: junction of tendons and muscles Stimuli: changes in joint position and movement |
| Warm receptors | Location: Dermis Stimuli: Thermoreceptor of temps between 32-48 C |
| Cold receptors | Location: Dermis Stimuli: Thermoreceptor of temps 10 to -40 C |
| Nocireceptors | Location: every body tissue Stimuli: pain receptors, harmful stimuli |
| Palm vs. Calf | Palm- has a smaller receptor field i.e. a greater density of receptors Calf- larger receptor field has less density of receptors |
| Tactile localization | Has motor and sensory components along with showing a size of a receptor field |
| Dermatomes | An area of skin that is mainly supplied by a spinal nerve |
| Glaucoma | 2nd greatest cause of blindness due to increased pressure in the eye Aqueous humor builds up due to angle blockage Open angle (chronic), Angle closure (acute), Congenital (from birth) |
| Layers of the eyeball | Fibrous Tunic Middle vascular tunic Inner retina |
| Fibrous tunic | Cornea- transparent portion Sclera- tough, white portion with the sclera venous sinus (junction of cornea and sclera) |
| Middle vascular tunic | Iris and pupil Ciliary body Choroid |
| Ciliary body | Ciliary muscle- controls the shape of the lens Ciliary processes- folds that protrude from the ciliary body toward the lens, secretes aqueous humor |
| Choroid | Most posterior part of the vascular tunic Contains blood vessels to nourish retina |
| Inner retina | Ora serrata- serrated boundary between ciliary muscle and the retina Pigmented outer later and neutral inner layer that contain photoreceptors and associated neurons |
| Initial segment | Also the trigger area, the beginning of an axon where the action potential is generated |
| astrocytes | Covers neurons and blood vessels to keep them in place, guides neurons during development, and form a blood brain barrier In the CNS |
| Ogliodendrocytes | Form myelin sheaths around axons In the CNS |
| Schwann Cells | Form myelin sheath around axons In the PNS |
| Satellite cells | Give support to PNS neurons and regulate their chemical environment |
| White matter | Groups of myelinated axons in the CNS |
| Four regions of the brain | 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum |
| Basal ganglia | Areas of deep gray matter composed of paired nuclei (clusters of cell bodies in the CNS) |
| Corpus callosum | Commissural fiber tract that connects the hemispheres |
| Fornix | Tract of arches association fibers |
| Internal capsule | Projection fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord |
| Thalamus | Divided in half, connected by the intermediate mass Serves as the central relay station |
| Epithalamus | Included the pineal gland |
| Hypothalamus | Controls bodily functions, homeostasis, and has a hormonal function Has infundibulum, pituitary glands, and mammillary bodies |
| Infundibulum | Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
| Mammillary bodies | Relay stations for taste and smell |
| The Brain Stem | Has the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain |
| Medulla oblongata | Respiratory and cardiovascular control center Reflex centers for coughing, vomiting, and sneezing |
| Pons | Assist medulla in controlled breathing Relays info to the diencephalon and the cerebrum |
| Midbrain | Has cerebral pundicles- (connects upper and lower brain area Corpora quadrigemina- 4 colliculi |
| Cerebellum | Regulates posture and balance Smooths skilled muscle movements |
| Cranial meninges | Protect the brain Dura (periosteal and meningeal), arachnoid, and pia mater |
| Choroid plexus | Tiny blood vessels that allow plasma to leak through |
| Interventricular foramen | Goes in between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle |
| Cerebral aqueduct | Goes in between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle |
| Flow of the CSF | 1. Epdendymal cells of choroid plexus in lateral ventricles (filtered from blood plasma 2. Third ventricle 3. Fourth ventricle 4. Can either go to the medial & lateral apertures of 4th ventricle or the central canal of the spinal cord 5. Subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord 6. Arachnoid villi 7. Superior sagittal sinus returns CSF to blood |
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