biol 224 lab 2
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 broken down food consistancy of smoothiewhere is first place it can be called this? | Chyme when excreted from stomach into duodenum |
| process of chemically breaking down food | hydrolysis |
| 2 main types of enzymes that break down carb? Where released? | salivary amylase pancreatic amylase |
| another name for swallowing? 2 types? | deglutition buccal / pharyngeal-esophageal |
| 2 types of mvmt and what is the diff? | peristaltic movement- move foodstuff by contracting behind and relaxing in front segmental movement-diff parts contract together, which mixes the chyme as well as propelling it forward |
| acid found in stomach? released by? other cell in stomach releases? what is relationship between 2? | hydrochloric acid parietal cells pepsinogen cheif cells hcl activates pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down protein |
| enzyme produced by pancreas to breakdown protein? activates what? | Trypsin chymotrypsin |
| produced by the liver? do what to fats? enzyme? | bile emulsify fats/ break them into smaller globs not an enzyme! |
| enzyme that digests fats? | lipase |
| enzymes on tips of microvilli? name all | brush border enzymes dextrinase, glucoamylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleosidases, phosphatases |
| gastric digestion or protein SEPR? colors and what means? | albumin pepsin amino acids biuret when protein not broken down buiret is violet. when protein broken down its clear proteins need both hcl and pepsin to be broken down |
| digestion of starch SEPR? colors and what means? | starch amylase glucose Lugol (IKI) when ther is starch present lugols is a black/blue color. when none is present it stays brown. the optimal breakdown of starch is 37-40 C which is body temp |
| digestion of protein and lipids SEPR Colors and what means? | Lipids and proteins of milk trypsin and lipase fatty acids and amino acids litmus litmus is red when acidic and blue when basic when the proteins and lipids are broken down by those pancreatic enzymes they become acidic |
| absorbtion of saccarides in small intestine SPR? colors and what means? | starch and glucose in semipermeable bag tested water around to see what go through membrane benedicts, lugol (IKI) benedicts is red with glucose lugols is blue/black with starch water turned red but not blue black. so glucose got through not starch |
| 2 fxns of digestive system | digestion and absorption |
| where food passes through? where assist digestion of this food? | alimentary canal accessory digestive organs |
| layers of the digestive tract important features and fxns | mucosa epithelium- innermost lamina propria-connective tissue muscularis mucosae-local mvms mucosa secretion absorption protection submucosa submucosal plexus- nerve supply nutrition and protection muscularis externa myenteric plexus-nerve control muscles gi motility serosa adventitia- if not in abdomin this is more fibrous reduce friction and protect |
| on top of mouth 2, used to swallow? | hard / soft palate |
| punchbag in back of mouth | uvula |
| main swallowing muscle? holds to base of mouth? | tongue lingual frenulum |
| mom doesnt have any in back of mouth | palatine tonsils |
| 3 areas of pharynx | nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx |
| control food entering stomach | gastroesophageal sphincter |
| 4 regions of the stomach | cardiac region fundus body pyloric region |
| control food entering duodenum | pyloric sphincter |
| folds in stomach | rugae |
| regions of the small intestine and how tell apart | duodenum- nerds candy bubbles jejunum- long villi ileum- peyers patches |
| control food entering large intestine | ileocecal valve |
| structures in small intestine that slows and churns food | circular folds |
| entry of large intestine? hangs off of this and harbors bacteria? | cecum vermiform appendix |
| regions of colon | ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon |
| end part of the large intestine | rectum |
| longitudinal muscle band across large intestine | teniae coli |
| one pucker of large intestine | haustrum |
| what food exits? and what controls that area | anus external anal sphincter |
| 2 sets of teeth name teeth forward to back | deciduous teeth permanent teeth incisors canines bicuspids molars |
| 3 salivary glands and where? | parotid gland next to ear sublingual gland under tounge submandibular gland in jaw posterior to sublingual |
| what the testis lie in | scrotum |
| duct system where sperm mature | epididymis |
| duct that delevers sperm from the testis thicker portion vessels and connective tissue that sheth these sperm empty into the? | ductus deferens ampulla spermatic cord ejaculatory duct |
| 3 parts of pee tube in men | prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra |
| 3 glands produce seminal fluid | seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral gland |
| penis crossection kenny's eyes kennys mouth kennys surrounding mouth | corpora cavernosa urethra corpus spongiosum |
| enlarged tip of penis | glans penis |
| external genitalia of women called fatty deposit big hairy lips inner lips highly sensitive protrusion mucus membrane that partial encloses the vagina | vulva mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris hymen |
| hole where baby comes out? | vagina |
| place where baby is carried bump on superior portion rest of uterus entrance to uterus 3 parts of entrance from outer to inner 2 pouches next to entrance | uterus fundus body cervix external os cervical canal internal os anterior and posterior fornix |
| uterine lining 3 general layers starting from innermost 2 layers of innermost | endometrium myometrium perimetrium functional layer basal layer |
| carrys ova to uterus brush like extentions stores and matures ova | fallopian tubes fibriae ovary |
| ligaments holding uterus batwing/octopus leg under fallopian tube goes anterior holds ovarys up* | broad ligament ovarian ligament round ligament suspensory ligament |
| divides liver into lobes and holds to diaphragm bile leaves liver through? but enters the duodenum through the? | falciform ligament common hepatic duct bile duct |
| fxn of gallbladder bile enters the duodenum through the? if too much? what channel goes through? | store and concentrate bile bile duct backs up into the gallbladder through the cystic duct |
| fxn of the pancreas | secrete enzymes into the duodenum like pancreatic amylase |
| kidney circulation starting at the biggest artery | renal artery segmental artery interlobar artery arcurate artery cortical radiate artery afferent arterioles efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries cortical radiate vein arcurate vein interlobar vein renal vein |
| outer region of kidney inner region of kidney where all tubes enter kidney bend of kidey cavity | cortex medulla renal hilus renal pelvis |
| striated regions in kidney between these regions at tip of region where starts to collect urine? those region empty into what bigger cavitys? surrounds entire kidney | renal pyramid renal columns minor calyx major calyx renal capsule |
| tube emptys kidney stores pee tube that emptys pee from body | ureter urinary bladder urethra |
| smallest functional unit of kidney? 2 types what diff? | nephron cortical nephron juxtamedullary nephron juxtamedullary nephrons have longer and dip into the medulla and have diff arterioles |
| knotted capillary in nephron surrounding this capillary whole structure called? | glomerulus glomerular capsule renal corpuscle |
| name parts of tube starting from glomerulus | proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct |
| vessel that enters the glomerulus vessel that exits the glomerulus vessel that runs next to renal tubule straighter vessel that runs next to what type of nephron? | afferent arteriole efferent arteriole peritubular capillary bed vasa recta |
| structure that urine enters the bladder where urine enters the urethra where urine exits the urethra 2 that control the voluntary release of urine tube that urine exits the body muscle that bladder is made of that feels streach receptors 2 and 1 structure in bladder? what made of? | ureteral orifice internal urethral orifice external urethral orifice internal/external urethral sphincter urethra detrusor muscle trigone, 2 ureteral orifices and 1 internal urethral orifice |
| what gives pee yellow color? what is it? normal pH range? avg pH? what is weight of liquid compared to the same volume of water? what is that for pee? | urochrome, metabolite of breaking down hemoglobin 4.5 to 8.0 6.0 specific gravity 1.001 to 1.030 |
| normal constituents of pee | water, urea, Na+, K+, Ph+, S+, creatine, uric acid Ca+, Mg+, bicarbonate ions |
| number of chromosomes in sex cell? called? numer of chromosomes in a regular cell? called? egg and sperm chromosome for the same trait called? fertalized egg callled | 23 haploid 46 diploid homologous chromosomes zygote |
| when homologous chromosomes line next to thier partners called? 4 chromatids called? whem parts of the inner chromatids cross over called? | synapsis tetrad chaismata |
| sperm stem cells? divides to create? this cell is designed to? after divides cells called? how many chromosomes? after another division cells are called? how many chromosomes? these cells now undergo what? this creates functional what? | spermatogonium primary spermatocyte, undergo meisis secondary spermatocyte, 23 spermatids, 23 still spermiogenesis creates fxnal sperm |
| what cell nurishes spermatids? what look like? cells that are btwn these tubules called? do what? tip of the head of the sperm called? contain enzymes that do what? | sertoli cell. elongated cells that surround spermatids interstitial cells. produce testosterone which works with FSH to produce more sperm acrosome, sperm penetration of the egg |
| egg stem cell? become encased in what? so is called what? then increases in size and becomes? when epithelium changes from simple squamous to simple cuboidal the epithelium is then called? the egg then does what? why are these two cells different and what called? what happens to that cell? what is bigger cell called? mature follicle called? what look like?what hormones are responsible for its growth? what happens when LH burst? | oogonia follicle cells, primordial follicle primary oocyte primary follicle undergoes meiosis, one contains nearly all cytoplasm, polar body, dies secondary oocyte vesicular follicle, egg to one side with cavity. estrogen helps it grow, but LH causes expelling of secondary oocyte |
| big cavity not containing egg in vesicular follicle? egg? capsule surrounding? halo inside egg? part of follicle cells surrounding egg that stay with it when it is expelled? | antrum oocyte theca folliculi zona pellucida corona radiata |
| once the egg has been expelled what hormone changes the vesicular follicle to what? this produces what hormones that inhibit what other hormones? if scar tissue is produced it is called? | LH turns it into corpus luteum corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone which inhibit LH and FSH corpus albicans |
| shed what layer on period? what under that layer? what are these 2 called? and under that layer? phase which layers are falling off and really airy? phase which there are pink outline worms in holes?what happens at the end of this phase? phase with empty spiral holes? what is secreted in this phase? for what? secreted by what? | functional layer, basal layer, endometrium, myometrium menstrual phase proliferative phase, ovulation secretory phase, nutrients for potential fertilized egg, elaborated glands |
| fertilized egg called? looks like? | zygote single cell with jelly like membrane |
| mitotic divisions without growth in between? division forming successively smaller and smaller cells? solid ball of 32 cells? | cleavage blastomeres morula |
| when forming embryo hollows out? when 3 hollow layers form? what called now? layers? what become? | blastula gastrulation gastrula ectoderm- surface tissues of body mesoderm-internal organs endoderm-internal organs |
| last stage of cleavage cells called? cells within that contribute to embryonic body? outer cells? the becomes the extraembryonic membrane called? and the? | blastocyst inner cell mass trophoblast cells chorion placenta |
| fetal blood vessels that are in the placenta? fluid filled chamber that encases the embryo? protrudes from the posterior end of the yolk sac, struc basis which mesoderm migrates to for the umbillical cord? | chorionic villi amnion allantois |
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