Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ATP | Molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food molecules to cell processes |
| ADP | Lower-energy molecule that can be converted with ATP by the addition of a phosphate group |
| Chemosynthesis | Process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water |
| Chlorophyll | Light-absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthetic organisms |
| Thylakoid | Membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
| Light Dependent Reactions | Part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to light-dependent reactions |
| Light Independent Reactions | Part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates |
| Photosystem | Series of light absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in thylakoid membrane |
| Electron Transport Chain | Series of proteins in thylakoid and mitochondrial membranes that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons |
| ATP Synthase | Enzyme that catalyzes reaction that adds a high energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP |
| Calvin Cycle | Process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars to CO2 |
| Cellular Respiration | Process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present |
| Aerobic | Process that require oxygen to occur |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced |
| Anaerobic | Process that does not require oxygen to occur |
| Krebs Cycle | Process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in electron transport chain |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis |
| Lactic Acid | Product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Used by many years and by some of plants, begins at the same point as lactid acid fermentation where glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose and produces two net ATP molecules, two pyruvate molecules, and tell NADH molecules |
| Autotroph | An organism that captures light energy to produce its own food or aka the "producer" |
| Heterotroph | An organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes or aka the "consumer" |
| Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36 ATP |
| Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Triphosphate | When the bonds are made energy is stored between the three phosphates of the molecule |
| Light Dependent Reaction | Absorbs light, energy is produced in NADPH and ATP, takes place in thylakoid |
| Photosystem II | Light is absorbed (electrons leave chlorophyll and go through an electron transport chain) Water is split and the H and O is used in photosystem i, electrons are separated and go back to chlorophyll, oxygen is released H electrons move through electron transport chain which is a series of proteins in thylakoid and mitochondria |
| Photosystem I | Light is absorbed (electrons again are excited and leave the chlorophyll molecule), NADPH is formed |
| Chemosynthesis | H+ flow along the gradient, ATP is formed by enzyme ATP Synthase |
| Light Independent Reactions | Aka Calvin Cycle, carbon dioxide enters the Calvin Cycle |
| Enzyme Rubisco | Converts ATP and NADPH into glucose by combining 3 carbon sugars into 6 carbon sugars (glucose), takes place in stroma |
| Step 1 Glycolysis | Anaerobic respiration, occurs in cytoplasm Reaction: Glucose --> 2 ATPs + Pyruvate + NADH |
| Step 2 Krebs Cycle | Aerobic Respiration, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Reaction: Pyruvate + 2 ATPs + 2 NADPH + O2 --> 2 ATPs +6CO2 + 8NADH + FADH2 Products: 2 ATPs + 6CO + 8 NADH + FADH2 |
| Step 3 Electron Transport Chain | Aerobic respiration occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria Reaction: FADH2 + NADH +O2 --> 32 ATPs |
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