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Where do Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria usually grow? soil How would you diagnose Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria? sputum culture or BAL or bronchoscopic brushing What pulmanary sx in Mycobacterium avium complex can you see on x-ray or CT scan? pulmonary nodules and bronchiectasis What microbe is a gram (+) anaerobic bacilli, non-spore forming with a branching morphology? actinomycosis What people are more likely to get an actinomyces infection? Persons with poor oral hygiene Persons who aspirate (alcoholics, seizure patients) What opportunistic pneumonia can be seen with oral infections such as "lumpy jaw," gingivitis? actinomycosis What opportunistic pneumonia tends to form "sulfur granules", which are yellow granules in pus? actinomycosis and nocardia What microbe is a gram (+) aerobic bacilli, non-spore forming with a branching morphology, partially acid-fast? nocardia Why is Nocardia often missed in the lab? slow growth and overgrowth by other bacteria What is an important site of entry for nocardia? skin What are the leading causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia? P. aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and other Gram(-) S. aureus What is the 2nd most common cause of ventilator acquired pneumonia? Pseudomonas aeruginosa Why is Pseudomonas aeruginosa good at using ventilators to produce infection? Colonizes endotracheal tube and forms biofilm Positive pressure ventilator blows bacteria into alveoli What bacteria secretes a mucoid extracellular polysaccharide called alginate, especially in the lungs of CF pts? Pseudomonas aeruginosa Why do ventilators assist a lung infection? inactivates mucociliary elevator positive pressure moves bacteria further into lung What is the leading cause of death in nosocomial infection in USA? Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia