History Alive Chapter 13 Flashcards
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Three kingdoms in the Sahara Desert | Ghana, Songhai, Mali |
| Woodland forest | an area of abundant trees and shrubs |
| rainforest | an area of lush vegetation and year-round rainfall |
| The Sahel | a zone of semi-desert. Not as dry as the Sahara. Contains enough water for short grasses and some small bushes and trees to survive. |
| The effect of the Niger river near the Savanna | Helps make land fertile and provides fish for eating. |
| The Niger river in the forest zone | It extends into the forest zone in southern part of West Africa. Wetter than the Savanna. Northern part, Woodland forest. Oil palms, yams and kola trees grow there. |
| The Niger river and trade | Regions longest river. Became trading highway. People traveled in canoes to trade along the river. |
| Extended family | An immediate family plus other close relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. |
| Excavate | In archaeology, to carefully dig out an ancient site. |
| Tribute | A payment made by one ruler or country to another for protection or as a sign of submission. |
| The ancient city of Jenne- jeno | Built in the third century B.C.E., existed for more than 1600 years! It was built where the Niger river meets the Bani river. They traded their surplus goods such as fish oil and onions, for salt and iron ore. Had population of 20,000 people. Surrounded by a circular wall, 10 wide and 13 feet high. Residence lived in circular houses. They had jobs such as metal smiths and weavers. |
| The Sahara desert's features | It spreads across 3,500,000 square miles in North Africa and the northern part of West Africa. One fourth of the desert is covered in sand dunes, and it also has bare rocky plains and mountains. |
| Extended families characteristics | The earliest farming communities where made up of extended families. These families include close relatives aunts uncles and their children. These families might have 15 to 20 people in them. |
| The joining together of extended families | They traded with each other for the goods that they could not provide for themselves. One of the male elders usually made the decisions for the community. They later joined together to make a village of 100 to 200 people. They banded together for the goods that they needed and for protection. |
| Trade | Geography influenced patterns of trade. Different sources came from different vegetation zones. People had to trade for what they could not provide. They used the Niger river as a trading highway. |
| The Hittites and Iron working and Trade | Mastered iron working in 1500 B.C.E. They spread iron working by having traders cross the Sahara desert. |
| The Nok | People who were making iron tools (by 500s B.C.E) Lived in now what is central Nigeria. Used charcoal to fuel furnaces. Made axes, hoes, and spears. Also had iron smelting furnaces. |
| Smelting | The process of heating and melting ore in order to get iron and other metals from it. |
| The craft of iron working | With iron tools farmers could clear their field and grow crops more efficiently. The great surplus of food could be traded with other villages for not self-made food. |
| The collection of taxes | Became wealthy by collecting taxes from the goods that were bought and sold. They could then afford to raise large armies. Armies could conquer trading areas nearby which then led to the ruler taking over the trading areas and become even wealthier. |
| The collection of tribute | The kings collected tribute from conquered people. Tribute was a sign that the ruler accepted the kings authority. They could then pay for protection from outside attackers. |
| West African kings as religious and political leaders | They were believed to have special powers given to them by the gods. They performed religious ceremonies to please the gods. |
| The advantages and disadvantages of being part of a kingdom | Advantages: the kingdoms provide protection, armies made sure that the trade routes were safe, collected luxury goods for their subjects and spread them evenly throughout the kingdom, and gave expense presents to governors. Disadvantages: Had to pay tribute and taxes. |
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