| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Martin Luther | from germany, professor at university of wittenberg. He believed that salvation could come from faith alone and not good works. He wrote the 95 theses. |
| Indulgences | Practices or Prayers given by the church to confessed sinners to help the sinners cancel their penalty in purgatory. Mostly sold by popes. (funded the new basilica of saint peter) but wasn't limited to them. |
| Pope Leo X | pope who excommunicated Luther for his beleifs |
| Diet of Worms | a general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms. Luther refused to recant his views at here. |
| Edict Of Worms | a decree issued by The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V banning the writings of Martin Luther and labeling him a heretic and enemy of the state |
| Lutheranism | of or pertaining to or characteristic of the branch of the Protestant Church adhering to the views of Luther |
| Protestant | a term that was eventually applied to all Western Christians who didn't maintain an allegiance to the pope. |
| Augsburg Confession | the statement of beliefs and doctrines of the Lutherans, formulated by Melanchthon and endorsed by the Lutheran princes, which was presented at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 and which became the chief creed of the Lutheran Church. |
| Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. Rejected child baptism. |
| John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) |
| John Knox | He was a man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He was a passionate preacher who set to work reforming the Church of Scotland. He persuaded parliament to banish church authority; he then established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. (p.473) |
| Henry VIII | his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547) |
| Thomas More | English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded ( he wrote Utopia ) |
| Transubstantiation | the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist |
| Anglicanism | Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I. |
| Catholic Counter-Reformation | brought changes to the portion of the western church that retained its allegiance to the pope. |
| The Sack of Rome | (occured in 1527) when soliders of the holy roman emperor captured and looted rome. this was seen by many as a judgement of God against the lives of renaissance popes. |
| Society Of Jesus | a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathens. People in it were called Jesuits. |
| Council Of Trent | A council to reform the Catholic Church in the face of the Protestant Reformation; it suppressed pluralism, the sale of indulgences, absenteeism, concubines, and strengthened the papacy. |
| Pluralism | The holding of several benefices, or church offices. |
| Index Of Forbidden Books | a list of books banned for general use |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated |
| Eucharist | the partaking of bread and wine, which Christians hold to be either Christ himself, or symbolic of him |
| The Peace of Westphalia | ended religious wars (30 years war) but also ended the idea of a unified christian society. |
| Printing Press | invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects |
| Johann Tetzel | He was a Dominican and served Pope Leo X. He collected indulgences from Germany for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. His phrase was as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs. |
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