| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Typical tonic–clonic seizures | (formerly termed grand mal seizures) are generalized seizures consisting of four stages. There may be a prodromal period of hours or days; an aura, or warning, immediately before the seizure; the tonic–clonic stage; and, finally, a postictal stage. Not all four stages occur with every seizure. |
| Absence seizures, formerly known as petit mal seizures, | are classified as generalized seizures. They usually consist of a staring spell that lasts for a few seconds. A child might be reciting in class when he pauses and stares for 1 to 5 seconds before continuing the recitation; he is unaware that time has passed. Rhythmic blinking and twitching of the mouth or an extremity may accompany the staring. |
| Partial (Focal) Seizures | Partial seizures originate from a specific brain area.seizure with motor signs begins in the fingers and spreads to the wrist, arm, and face in a clonic contraction. If the movement remains localized, there will be no loss of consciousness. |
| Complex Partial (Psychomotor) Seizures | vary greatly in extent and symptoms and tend to be the most difficult type to control. The child may have a slight aura, but it is rarely as definite as that seen with tonic–clonic seizures. Results of a CT or MRI scan and EEG are invariably normal. |
| three stages of Seizures | preictal occurs before the seizure, Ictal occurs during the seizure, postictal occurs after the seizure. |
| Osteomyelitis | is often caused by extension of a skin infection such as impetigo. |
| Osteomyelitis | If not entirely eradicated with the initial treatment, it will return and result in a chronic infectious process with open, draining sinuses and bone deformity in years to come. Growth plates can be destroyed, leading to shortening of an extremity |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Duchenne's disease sex-linked recessive trait. Therefore, it occurs only in boys. Symptoms are usually apparent by 3 years of age. Dose not involve the nervous system |
| Duchenne's disease, the most common form of | Muscular Dystrophy early onset age 3-5, loss ambulation by 9-11 |
| Assessment of Muscular Dystrophy | develop a waddling gait and have difficulty climbing stairs. They can rise from the floor only by rolling onto their stomachs and then pushing themselves to their knees. To stand, they press their hands against their ankles, knees, and thighs (they "walk up their front"); this is Gower's sign. |
| Therapeutic Management of Muscular Dystrophy | ambulatory for as long as possible. Help the child and family plan a program of active and passive daily range-of-motion exercises. Splinting and bracing may be necessary to maintain lower-extremity stability and avoid contractures. |
| what is Muscular Dystrophy | inherited disorders that lead to progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles, apparently from lack of a protein (merosin) that is necessary for muscle contraction |
| what is Cerebral palsy | group of nonprogressive disorders of upper motor neuron impairment that result in motor dysfunction. Affected children also may have speech or ocular difficulties, seizures, cognitive challenges, or hyperactivity |
| Cerebral palsy | Abnormal reflexes,Abnormal postures,Abnormal muscle performance and tone, |
| Otitis media | an infection of the middle ear,common childhood illness. |
| what is vesicoureteral reflux | backflow of urine into ureters with voiding. It occurs because the valve that guards the entrance to the ureters is lax or misplaced. Surgical correction may be necessary to prevent repeated UTI. |
| what is Bladder exstrophy | bladder lies open and exposed on the abdomen. |
| Assessment of Bladder exstrophy | bladder appears bright red and continually drains urine from the open surface. In females, the urethra may also be abnormally formed. In males, the penis is often unformed or malformed. Pelvic bone defects, |
| hypospadias | a urethral defect in which the urethral opening is not at the end of the penis but on the ventral (lower) aspect of the penis |
| Chordee | a downward curvature of the penis |
| Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis) | altered glomerular permeability due to fusion of the glomeruli membrane surfaces, causes abnormal loss of protein in urine. |
| Nephrosis | The four characteristic symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia (low serum albumin level), and hyperlipidemia (increased blood lipid level). Proteinuria occurs because increased glomerular permeability leads to protein loss in the urine and, subsequently, hypoalbuminemia. |
| Pituitary Gland Disorders | can result from a tumor growing in the pituitary or hypothalamus, interference with circulation to the gland, trauma, inflammation, structural abnormalities, erratic or nonfunctional feedback mechanisms, and, possibly, autoimmune responses. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Target organ: Kidney,helps regulate fluid volume and urine output. It decreases urinary output by increasing water reabsorption. This action increases extracellular fluid volume, resulting in a vasoconstrictor effect (increased blood pressure). |
| Corticotropin (ACTH) | Target organ: Adrenal glands,stimulates the adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. |
| Somatotropin (growth hormone; GH) | Target organ: None; acts on all body cells, If GH production is inhibited, dwarfism will occur; if GH production is excessive, gigantism or overgrowth will occur. |
| what is Phenylketonuria (PKU) | disease of metabolism that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Absence of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
| Assessment of Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Infants are screened at birth after receiving 2 full days of feedings (at least 120 mL of formula at a concentration of 20 calories per ounce, or the equivalent amount obtained by breast-feeding). |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) test | screening is done by pricking the infant's heel with a blood lancet and letting a few drops of blood fall onto a specially prepared filter paper. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) dietary management | formula that is extremely low in phenylalanine, such as Lofenalac. |
| (PKU) dietary management | Ovoid Foods highest in phenylalanine are those that are rich in protein, such as meats, eggs, and milk. |
| meningitis | is group B β-hemolytic streptococci A major cause |
| Bacterial Meningitis | infection of the cerebral meninges that occurs most often in children younger than 24 months of age. Although the disease can occur in any month, its peak incidence appears to be in the winter. In the United States, it is caused most frequently by Streptococcus pneumoniae, or group B Streptococcus |
| meningitis | is diagnosed by history and analysis of CSF obtained by lumbar puncture. |
| what is Guillain-Barré syndrome | inflammation of motor and sensory nerves. The reaction may be immune mediated, occurring after an upper respiratory tract illness. Temporary demyelinization of the nerve sheaths causes loss of function. |
| Treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome | prevent muscle contractures and effects of immobility, the child should have passive range-of-motion exercises every 4 hours. Turning and repositioning every 2 hours also is important to protect skin integrity.The child's cardiac and respiratory function must be closely monitored. An indwelling urinary catheter is usually inserted to monitor urine output. |
| Tet spells | episodes of bluish skin from crying or feeding called |
| cystic fibrosis | an inherited disease of your secretory glands, including the glands that make mucus and sweat. |
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