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nucleotide made up of sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base base pairing adenine and thymine/ guanine and cytosine chromatin DNA and protein tightly packed together replication DNA molecule spearates into 2 srtands then produces 2 new complementary strands DNA polymerse "proof reads" and repairs the strands as they are copied messenger RNA carries copies of instructions and serves as a "messenger" from DNA to rest of cell ribosomal RNA proteins assemble on ribosome transfer RNA transfers each amino acid to ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA RNA polymerse similar to DNA polymerse intron parts of DNA that do not have any genetic information exon parts of DNA that have genetic information condon 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to polypeptide transcription RNA molecules are produced by copying part of nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA translation decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) anticodon complementary to one of the mRNA condons mutation wrong base attaches to the wrong letter point mutation affect one nucleotide and occur in a single point in DNA sequence frameshift mutation shift the "reading frame" of genetic message karyotype picture of pairs of chomosomes sex chromosome determine an individuals sex autosome body chromosomes pedigree shows relationships within a family polygenic controlled by many genes histone protein that the double helix is wrapped around to make up chromatin sex- linked gene genes located on chromosome determine the sexf someone