Chp 12: The Central Nervous System
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate. | TRUE |
| Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age. | TRUE |
| NREM sleep episodes are frequently associated with erection of the penis. | FALSE |
| A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. | FALSE |
| Theta waves are a brain wave pattern that can be seen during deep sleep and during anesthesia. | FALSE |
| One disorder of the substantia nigra is Parkinsonʹs disease. | TRUE |
| Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. | TRUE |
| Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. | FALSE |
| The spinal cord ends at the level of L1. | TRUE |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. | TRUE |
| The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. | TRUE |
| The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. | FALSE |
| Nondeclarative memories preserve the context in which they are learned. | FALSE |
| The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate. | TRUE |
| The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. | TRUE |
| The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. | TRUE |
| The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. | FALSE |
| Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum. | FALSE |
| A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. | TRUE |
| Projection fibers in the brain connect the right and left hemispheres. | FALSE |
| Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. | TRUE |
| The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. | TRUE |
| One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. | TRUE |
| Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. | FALSE |
| Sensory areas of the cortex for the genitals are located deep in the postcentral gyrus. | TRUE |
| Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. | TRUE |
| The nonspecific ascending pathways ________. A) are evolutionarily newer than the specific pathways B) receive inputs from a single type of sensory receptor C) are involved in the emotional aspects of perception D) are also called the lemniscal system | C) are involved in the emotional aspects of perception |
| The superchiasmatic nucleus is found in the ________. A) pons B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla | C) hypothalamus |
| Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. A) midbrain B) medulla C) pons D) cerebrum | C) pons |
| The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar gray matter B) cerebellar white matter C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum D) flocculonodular nodes | B) cerebellar white matter |
| The brain stem consists of the ________. A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B) midbrain, medulla, and pons C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D) midbrain only | B) midbrain, medulla, and pons |
| The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe | C) temporal lobe |
| Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) terminate in the spinal cord B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord | B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum |
| The spinal cord has gray matter on the ________. A) outside, white matter on the inside, and a dorsal motor root B) inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root C) inside, white matter on the outside, and a dorsal motor root D) outside, white matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root | B) inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root |
| The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) arachnoid and epidura B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and dura D) dura and epidura | B) arachnoid and pia |
| The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla C) midbrain D) cerebrum | B) medulla |
| Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus D) sympathetic ganglia | A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord |
| The fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the ________. A) central fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) parieto-occipital fissure D) lateral fissure | B) longitudinal fissure |
| The limbic association area of the multimodal association areas provides our ________. A) emotional impact B) working memory C) recall and personality D) learning abilities | A) emotional impact |
| A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) sulcus B) fissure C) gyrus D) furrow | A) sulcus |
| The cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) is secreted by the arachnoid villi B) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space C) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles D) is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses | D) is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses |
| If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly ________. A) the spinal cord may be affected B) the cranial nerves would not form C) the hindbrain would not be present D) the telencephalon would cease development | A) the spinal cord may be affected |
| The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal | A) frontal from parietal |
| Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) anterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic | C) lateral spinothalamic |
| Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) unmyelinated axons D) fiber tracts | D) fiber tracts |
| The hypothalamus ________. A) is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature B) is an important auditory and visual relay center C) has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure D) mediates sensations | A) is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature |
| The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A) myelinated nerve fibers only B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers D) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers | C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers |
| A lateral tract in the spinal cord would be ________. A) rubrospinal B) vestibulospinal C) tectospinal D) pyramidal | A) rubrospinal |
| An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) paraplegia B) hemiplegia C) quadriplegia D) spinal shock only | A) paraplegia |
| Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromotor junction | A) upper motor neurons |
| Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia | A) gyri |
| The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) lateral sulcus C) central sulcus D) cranial fossa | B) lateral sulcus |
| Brodmannʹs numbering refers to ________. A) molecular weight of types of neurons B) counts of neurons per fiber bundle C) structurally distinct cortical areas D) rates of neural division in embryogenesis | C) structurally distinct cortical areas |
| Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal C) segmental and nigrostriatal D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine | A) pyramidal and corticospinal |
| An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) calcarine cortex B) primary visual area C) visual association area D) lateral geniculate body | C) visual association area |
| Brocaʹs area ________. A) corresponds to Brodmannʹs area 8 B) is usually found in the right hemisphere C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) is considered a motor speech area | D) is considered a motor speech area |
| The function of commissures is to connect ________. A) adjacent areas of gray matter within a cerebral hemisphere B) corresponding areas of the two hemispheres C) areas of cortex with lower centers D) pyramidal cells with corresponding cerebellar cells | B) corresponding areas of the two hemispheres |
| The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) metabolic waste such as urea B) nutrients such as glucose C) alcohol D) anesthetics | A) metabolic waste such as urea |
| Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei? A) putamen B) lentiform nucleus C) globus pallidus D) substantia nigra | D) substantia nigra |
| All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid nucleus D) caudate nucleus | D) caudate nucleus |
| Which of the following is not a midbrain structure? A) third ventricle B) cerebral peduncles C) corpora quadrigemina D) red nucleus | A) third ventricle |
| The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A) consolidation B) automatic memory C) long-term memory D) rehearsal | A) consolidation |
| An electroencephalogram ________. A) is a record of total body electrical activity B) indicates a normal frequency range of 1-30 Hz C) indicates an average amplitude of 20-100 V D) can only detect abnormal electrical activity | B) indicates a normal frequency range of 1-30 Hz |
| The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pyramids D) limbic system | B) reticular formation |
| Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) glucose B) red blood cells C) potassium D) protein | B) red blood cells |
| REM sleep is associated with ________. A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex C) temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for the extrinsic eye muscles D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex | C) temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for the extrinsic eye muscles |
| Mr. Hom was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T12. You would expect to find all of the following except ________. A) paralysis of the lower extremities B) loss of sensation below the level of injury C) slurred speech D) perspiration in the affected area | C) slurred speech |
| Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. A) pathologic sleep B) loss of body temperature control C) production of excessive quantities of urine D) loss of proprioception | D) loss of proprioception |
| White matter of the spinal cord ________. A) is composed of myelinated fibers only B) ascends to higher PNS centers C) has afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors D) contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts | D) contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
| Which statement about aging is most accurate? A) The brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life. B) Synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35. C) Despite some neuronal loss, changing synaptic connections support additional learning throughout life. D) Learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation. | C) Despite some neuronal loss, changing synaptic connections support additional learning throughout life. |
| Which association is most accurate? A) sensory-anterior B) motor-medial C) sensory-medial D) motor-anterior | D) motor-anterior |
| Brain wave amplitude ________. A) reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously B) is an average of about 1 V C) results from subtraction of delta waves from theta waves D) is the measure of activity of specific individual neurons | A) reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously |
| Declarative memory is not stored in the ________. A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) thalamus D) mammillary body | D) mammillary body |
| Huntingtonʹs disease ________. A) begins to appear at ages 10 to 15 B) has symptoms that are the opposite of Parkinsonʹs disease C) usually subsides by ages 35 to 40 D) may be a result of a defective 26th chromosome | B) has symptoms that are the opposite of Parkinsonʹs disease |
| The corpus striatum plays a special role in ________. A) face recognition B) fact learning C) spatial learning D) skill learning | D) skill learning |
| Storing information in long-term memory ________. A) depends on the remaining capacity of long-term memory B) is interfered with by emotional arousal C) is facilitated by the release of norepinephrine D) is always dependent on the formation of conscious impressions | C) is facilitated by the release of norepinephrine |
| Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A) red nuclei B) vestibular nuclei C) reticular nuclei D) superior colliculi | B) vestibular nuclei |
| Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? A) hippocampus B) medulla C) amygdala D) prefrontal cortex | B) medulla |
| The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A) olfactory cortex B) gusatory cortex C) vestibular cortex D) visceral sensory area | D) visceral sensory area |
| Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time. B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. D) Coma is rarely caused by damage to brain stem structures. | A) Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time. |
| Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A) Huntingtonʹs disease B) Parkinsonʹs disease C) cerebellar disease D) spinal cord disease | B) Parkinsonʹs disease |
| Which is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) concussion C) hemorrhage D) swelling | B) concussion |
| Declarative memory ________. A) is the ability to learn specific information B) is best remembered in the doing C) is hard to unlearn when learned once D) usually involves motor skills | A) is the ability to learn specific information |
| Which of the following is/are involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A) postcentral gyrus B) gustatory cortex C) red nuclei D) Wernickeʹs area | C) red nuclei |
| Which statement is not true? A) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age. B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep. C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night. D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age. | D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age. |
| Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate? A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. B) Petit mal epilepsy typically begins in adolescence and is often severely disabling. C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. D) The aura in grand mal epilepsy typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness. | C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. |
| White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations, with the exception of the ________. A) corpus callosum B) cerebral cortex C) corticospinal tracts D) outer surface of the spinal cord | B) cerebral cortex |
| Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. A) spinal cord B) medulla C) thalamus D) somatosensory cortex | C) thalamus |
| Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A) spinal cord B) premotor cortex C) primary motor cortex D) rubrospinal tracts | B) premotor cortex |
| ________ waves are not normal for adults but are common for children. A) Alpha B) Beta C) Delta D) Theta | D) Theta |
| The fourth ventricle is continuous with the ________ of the spinal cord. | central canal |
| The large tract that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________. | corpus callosum |
| The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII. | pons |
| The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the ________. | pituitary gland |
| The ________ are valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood. | arachnoid villi |
| Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn. | dorsal |
| ________ memory requires practice, and is remembered by doing. | Skill |
| The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. | diencephalon |
| The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________. | pyramids |
| The largest nuclear mass in the midbrain is the ________. | substantia nigra |
| In stage 3 sleep, ________ and ________ waves appear. | theta; delta |
| The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged, the past is lost. | amygdala |
| ________ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. | Circadian |
| ________ is a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly. | Sleep apnea |
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