| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Personality | "individual's unique constellation of personality traits and states" includes values, interests, attitudes, worldview, sense of humor |
| Personality Assessment | measurement and evaluation of personality traits, states, values, intrests, attitudes, worldview, acculturation, personal identity, senses of humor, cognitive and behavioral styles and/ related individual characteristics. |
| personality traits | Relatively stable disposition that varies from others for example introversion, optimism, narcissism, |
| Personality states | temporary exhibition of a trait for example test anxiety |
| Personality Types | General categories made up of traits and states for example Type A vs Type B |
| Context in personality traits | the trait term selected by an observer is dependent both on the behavior itself and on the context in which it appears. |
| Trait consistency | increases in a steplike pattern until one is 50-59 yrs old at which time such consistency peaks |
| Characteristics of People | Personality traits |
| Descriptions of people | Personality types |
| Type A personality | Characterized by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance. |
| Type B personality | mellow or laid-back |
| Profile | a narrative description, graph, table, or other representation of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certian targeted characteristics as a result of the administration or application of tools of assessment |
| Personality Profile | the targeted characteristics are typically traits, states, or types |
| State anxiety | refers to a trasitory experience of tension because of a particulat situation |
| Trait anxiety/ anxiety proneness | a relatively stable or enduring personality characteristic |
| Questions that need to be addressed | Who, What,Where, How |
| Who? | Who is being assessed? Some methods rely on the assesse's own self report to gain a personality related self description other methods relies on informants |
| Self-reporting | a method in which the assessees apply information about theirselves |
| self- concept | may effect self-reporting, ones attitudes, beliefs, opinions and related thoughts about one's self. |
| self-concept measure | instrument designed to yield information relevant to how and individual sees him or herself with regard to selected psychological variables |
| Self-concept differentiation | the degree to which a person has different self concepts in different roles. |
| High self-concept differentiated | are likely to percieve themselves quite differently in various roles. |
| Low self-concept differentiated | percieve themselfves similarly across their social roles |
| Leniency error | when a third party rater is lenient towards the person they are rating |
| Generosity error | when a third party rater is favorably generous towards the person they are rating |
| Severity error | when a rater is harshly sever towards the person they are rating |
| error of central tendency | when a rater rate everyone near the midpoint of a rating scale |
| What | What is the assessment assessing? |
| Response style | a tendency to respond to a test item or interview question in some characteristic manner regardless of the content of the item or question |
| Impression management | term used to describe the attempt to manipulate others' impressions through "the selective exposure of some information coupled with suppression of other information." |
| validity scale | as a subscaale of a test designed to assist in judgment regarding how honeestly the test taker responded and whether observed responses wer product of respons sets, carelessness deliberate efforts to decieve or unintentional misunderstanding |
| Where | Where are the assessments being conducted? |
| Scope | the amount of information that a test seeks to take in |
| Wide scope | seeking to take a kind of general inventory of an individual's personality. |
| Narrower scope | instruments may be designed to focus narrowly on as little as one particular aspects of personality |
| Locus of control | a person's perception about the source of things that happen |
| advantage of an atheoretical tool of personality | it allows test users should they so desire to impose their own theoretical preferences on the interpretation of the findings |
| structured interview | interviewer must typically follow an interview guide and has little leeway in terms of posing questions not in the guides |
| frame of reference | aspects of the focus of exploration such as the time frame as well as other contextual issues having to do with people, places and events |
| Q-sort technique | an assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, usully in perceived rank order ranging form most descriptive to least decriptive |
| nomothetic approach | how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people |
| idiographic approach | character by efforts to learn about each individual's uniques constellationo f personality traits |
| CPI | Uses wide scope,evaluates normal personality, adequate reliability and validity, id criterion and control group by peer rating, good prospects, 20 scales |
| normative approach | test taker's responses and the presumed strength of a measured trait are interpreted relative to the strength of that trait in a sample population |
| Ipsative approach | a test taker's response as well as the presumed strength of measured traits are interpreted relative to the strength of measured traits for that same individual |
| Logic and reason | may dictate what content is covered by the items |
| developing instruments | logic, theory, data reduction methods |
| criterion | a standard on which a judgement or decision can be made. |
| Criterion group | a reference group of testtakers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to test items serve as a standard according to which items will be included in or discarded from the final version of a scale. |
| empirical criterion keying | process of using criterion groups to develop test items |
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