Psychology Exam 3
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sensory Memory | allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. Duration: ¼ second |
| Short term Memory | is a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for u to about 20 seconds. 7+ or - 2 things. |
| Working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| Long Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Procedural Memory System | Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses. Implicit Memories. |
| Declarative Memory System | handles factual information; contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, events, concepts and ideas. Also called explicit memory |
| Source monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another. (beach trip last year or the year before?) |
| Misinformation effect | occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information. (police interrogation) |
| Encoding specificity principle | states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code. |
| Retrograde amnesia | a person loses memories for events that occur prior (BEFORE) the injury. |
| Anterograde amnesia | a person loses memories for events that occur AFTER the injury. (50 first dates) |
| Retroactive interference | occurs when NEW information impairs the retention of previously learned (OLD) information. |
| Proactive interference | occurs when previously learned (OLD) information interferes with the retention of NEW information. |
| H.M. | had an injury to the hippocampus and was not able to hold long term memories. He had anterograde amnesia. But could have long term procedural memories (like learning how to do puzzles), but could not remember learning them. |
| Germinal stage | first two weeks of pregnancy, placenta: the structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass in from the blood stream and wastes to pass out. |
| Embryonic stage | most vulnerable stage, between 3-8 weeks. Cepholocaudal- head to toe. Proximodistal- inner parts develop before outer parts. |
| Fetal Stage | weeks 9-38. Fetus can detect stimulation and movement (quickening) at 12 weeks their basic structures are complete. Age of viability- (21 or 22 weeks) the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth. |
| Teratogens | Maternal Malnutrition- causes schizophrenia Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- disrupts the corpus calloseum. Disease- early on, can cause defects Radiation- airline attendant (birth defects) |
| 2.75 months | rolls over |
| 5.5 months | sits up without support |
| 11.5 months | walks alone |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair |
| Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development Stage Theory (sensorimotor, preoperational,concrete operational, formal operational) learned from his children. |
| Object Permanence | when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible. |
| Conservation | awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes to shape or appearance. |
| Centration | is the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects. (height of the bottle, not width) |
| Egocentrism | Thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint. |
| Animism | the belief that all things are living. |
| Vygotsky | Sociocultural Theory (Private Speech) |
| Kohlberg | Moral Development Theory |
| Erik Erikson | Stage Theory based on psychosocial crisis (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt) |
| Secure Attachment | attachment style for a majority of infants, who are readily comforted when their caregiver returns after a brief separation. (confident toddlers) |
| Anxious-ambivalent Attachment (resistant) | attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns. |
| Avoidant Attachment | attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation. |
| Overregularizations | occur when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply (the girl goed home) |
| Overextensions | occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to. (daddy to all males, truck to all autos) |
| Underextensions | Errors that occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to. (saying cup for a specific child cup) |
| Telegraphic Speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words |
| Walter Mischel | Personality is not a valid concept. People make responses that will lead to the reinforcements at hand. |
| David Buss | Personality is a valid concept, and a crucial tool for picking mates. |
| Freud Personality Development | Psychoanalytic Perspective |
| Id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
| Ego | Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society. |
| Superego | the part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices |
| Parapraxes | slips of the tounge-freud inner conflict. |
| Defense Mechanisms | Repression- push it to the back of your mind Regression- tantrums Projection-deny it of yourself but see it in others Displacement- displace anger, anxiety at other things/people Sublimation- take things that could cause anxiety and channel it into doing something else. |
| Stage Theorists | Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud |
| 5 Personality Components | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN) |
| Anxiety Disorders | OCD, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder (most common) (females) (19%) |
| Mood disorders | Bipolar disorder (no sex diference), major depressive disorder (females) (7-18%) (nolen-rumination and Seligman-hopelessness and helplessness) |
| Dissociative disorders | Dissociative amnesia (block out a memory), dissociative fugue (do things that you dont remember, memory loss of identity), dissociative identity disorder (multiple personalities) |
| Somatoform disorders | Somatization disorder (before 30), conversion disorder (labelle indifference-glove anesthesia), hypochondriasis (no sex difference) |
| Schizophrenia | Positive (dilusions, hallucinations) and Negative symptoms (flattening), paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated (males-18-25 yrs females- mid 30s) (1%) |
| Schizophrenia and etiology | dopamine: too high in the nucleus (positive symp) or too low in the prefrontal cortex (negative symp) |
| Identity diffusion | the constant search for meaning and identity without committing oneself to a set of personal beliefs or an occupational path |
| Identity Foreclosure | the act of making a commitment based on other's values in order to avoid an identity crisis (parents) |
| Identity Moratorium | a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives |
| Identity Achievement | a stage in identity development in which a person has committed to an occupational direction and made decisions about important life questions |
| Carl Rogers | Humanistic approach to personality development- incongruence and congruence. Beleived that unconditional love was one of the main factors in a healthy personality. |
| Humanistic | difficult to test, unrealistically optimistic |
| Skinner | Behavoiral perspective- focus on observable behavior, and stimulus-response tendencies. |
| Bandura | behavoiral perspective- observational learning |
| Behavioral | cons- most research was done on animals |
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