1.
afferent: delivers sensory information to CNS (division of PNS)
2.
afferent and efferent: divisions of PNS
3.
aqueous humor: fills the anterior cavity; helps keep shape, refracts light, maintains pressure; located between cornea and lens
4.
arachnoid mater: well vascularized middle layer covering the brain; main site of blood brain barrier
5.
astigmatism: irregularity in the curve of the cornea or lens
6.
auditory ossicles: transmit vibrations between eardrum and inner ear
7.
autonomic: involuntary; regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions (division of efferent)
8.
axon: part of the nerve that is a long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an electrical impulse
9.
body: part of the nerve that contains a large nucleus with a prominent nucleolus
10.
brain and spinal chord: Makes up the central nervous system
11.
cataracts: lens becomes cloudy
12.
cerebellum: coordinates (not initiates) voluntary motor action; coordination, posture; damage results in tremors, inaccurate movement, loss of muscle tone
13.
cerebrum: made up of frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
14.
ciliary bodies: muscles which control the size of the iris and pupil
15.
cochlea: contains receptor cells called hair cells; vibrations in fluid picked up by hair cells
16.
conductive deafness: interference with transmission of vibrations to inner ear; due to plugging of external auditory meatus or changes in eardrum or auditory ossicles (aka anatomical deafness)
17.
cones: allow vision when there is sufficient light to permit close detailed vision; enable one to see detail; are responsible for colored vision
18.
cornea: outside front of the eye; important in focusing light onto the retina; can become damaged by foreign objects, chemicals, or trauma
19.
corpus callosum: connects the two hemispheres of cerebrum
20.
dendrite: slender, sensitive process on a nerve extending from the cell body
21.
diencephalon: made up of thalamus and hypothalamus
22.
dura mater: "tough mother" outermost covering of the brain
23.
efferent: carries motor commands from CNS (division of PNS)
24.
eustachian tube: connects middle ear to throat; conducts air between tympanic cavity and the outside of body; helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of eardrum (aka auditory tube)
25.
external auditory meatus: tube that leads inward through the temporal bone
26.
external ear: made up of pinna, external auditory meatus, and the eardrum
27.
fibrous: tunic made up of the cornea and sclera
28.
fibrous, vascular, neural: the three layers (tunics) of the eye
29.
frontal: motor area of cerebrum responsible for limps, speech, movement of eyes and eyelids, problem solving
30.
glaucoma: damage to the optic nerve usually caused by intraocular pressure
31.
gyri: folds in the cerebrum
32.
hyperopia: farsightedness
33.
hypothalamus: regulates body temperature, water balance, hunger, body weight, movements and glandular secretions of stomach and intestines, hormones that stimulate pituitary, sleep and wakefulness, emotions, memory
34.
incus: passes vibration from hammer to stirrup (aka anvil)
35.
inner ear: made up of semicircular canals, the chochlea, & the auditory (eustachian) tube
36.
interneuron: association neurons that lie within brain and spinal chord; transmit impulses within brain and spinal chord
37.
iris: controls the amount of light passing through pupil; colored part of eye
38.
lens: very hard, clear part of eye behind pupil which focuses the light
39.
malleus: attached to eardrum; vibrates in unison (aka hammer)
40.
medulla oblongata: cardiac center, respiratory center, vasomotor center, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, vomiting
41.
meninges: general name for the three layers covering the brain
42.
midbrain: controls movements of head/legs to visual stimuli or head/trunk to auditory stimuli
43.
middle ear: made up of tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles
44.
motor neuron: efferent neuron that carries nerve impulses out of brain and spinal chord
45.
myelin sheath: sheath around an axon; increases impulse propagation rate along axon
46.
myopia: nearsightedness
47.
neural: tunic made of the retina
48.
neuronal signals: rods and cones change light waves into ______ ______.
49.
nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath
50.
occipital: area of cerebrum responsible for vision and recognition
51.
oligodendrocytes: maintain cellular organization within grey matter and provide a myelin sheath in white matter
52.
parasympathetic: activates body for rest or digestion (division of autonomic)
53.
parietal: area of cerebrum that processes senses, understanding speech, and using words to express feelings and thought
54.
peripheral nervous system: made up of peripheral nerves
55.
pia mater: "delicate" inner layer covering the brain
56.
pinna: outer, funnel-like structure; collects sound waves traveling through the air (also known as the auricle)
57.
pons: connects medulla oblongata to midbrain; transmits impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum
58.
pupil: dark center of eye which lets light into eye
59.
retina: detects light and forms image for transmission to the brain; back of the eye; site of rods and cones
60.
rods: permit vision when there is dim light; form outlines or silhouettes of objects and are concerned with twilight vision
61.
sclera: maintains shape of eye and protects; makes up white of the eye; goes around entire eye
62.
semicircular canals: functions in equilibrium
63.
sensorineural deafness: damage to cochlea, auditory nerve, or auditory nerve pathways; can be caused by loud sounds, tumors in CNS, brain damage, or use of certain drugs (aka nerve deafness)
64.
sensory neurons: afferent neurons that carry nerve impulses to brain; sense environment
65.
somatic: voluntary; controls skeletal muscle contractions (division of efferent)
66.
somatic and autonomic: divisions of efferent
67.
spinal chord: column of nerve tissue that starts in the medulla oblongata and runs down vertebral column
68.
stapes: passes vibration onto fluid within inner ear (aka stirrup)
69.
sulci: grooves in the cerebrum
70.
support and protect neurons, provide nutrients and oxygen, insulate with myelin, and protect by destroying pathogens: 4 functions of glial cells
71.
sympathetic: activates the body for fight or flight response; when stressed, excited, or accelerated (division of autonomic)
72.
sympathetic and parasympathetic: divisions of autonomic
73.
synapse: site where neuron communicates with another cell
74.
synaptic cleft: separates pre- and post-synaptic membranes
75.
temporal: area of cerebrum responsible for hearing; interpreting visual scenes, sensory experiences, music, patterns
76.
thalamus: central relay station for sensory impulses (except smell); interpretation of pain, temperature, light, touch, and pressure
77.
tympanic cavity: air-filled space in temporal bone that contains auditory ossicles
78.
tympanic membrane: cone-shaped membrane attached to the malleus; reproduces sound waves (aka eardrum)
79.
vascular: tunic made up of the iris, pupil, lens, and ciliary bodies
80.
vitreous humor: fills the posterior cavity; keeps retina firmly pressed against choroid
