Skeletal Tissue
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Created by:
karljes on November 28, 2011
Description:
Mrs. Malecki
Anatomy/ Physiology
Catholic Central High School
Classes:
Anatomy & Physiology- Mrs. Malecki
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105 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? | support, structure, aid in movement, blood cell formation and storage |
| What minerals does the bones store? | calcium and phosphate |
| What does the body use calcium for? | bone formation, muscle contraction and nerve function |
| How does the skeletal system aid in movement? | The bones provide an attachment point for the skeletal muscles. |
| How do the skeletal muscles attach to bones? | using tendons and ligaments |
| What are the 4 bone shapes? | long bone, short bone, flat bone and irregular bones |
| What is an example of a long bone? | femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna |
| What is an example of a short bone? | phalanges (fingers/toes) |
| What is an example of a flat bone? | skull, scapula |
| What is an example of an irregular bone? | vertebra |
| What is the central shaft of a long bone called? | diaphysis |
| What are the extreme ends of the long bone called? | epiphysis |
| What is the membrane called that surrounds the outside of the diaphysis? | periosteum |
| What the the membrane called that lines the inside of the medullary cavity? | endosteum |
| What covers the end of the epiphysis where a joint would be? | articular cartilage |
| What type of cartilage is articular cartilage made of? | hyaline cartilage |
| Where is red bone marrow found? | in the epiphysis |
| Where is yellow marrow found? | in the medullary cavity |
| What is the function of red bone marrow? | to produce blood cells |
| What is the process called that produces blood cells | Hematapoiesis |
| What type of bone cell build up the bone matrix? | osteoblasts |
| What type of bone cell breaks down bone matrix? | oestoclasts |
| What type of bone cell is found in the lacunae? | osteocytes |
| What is hydroxyapatite? | a hard crystal compound made up of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate |
| What type of protein fiber is found in the matrix of bone? | collagen |
| What 4 structures make up an osteon? | lamallae, osteonic canal, Volksmann's canal, canaliculi |
| How is compact bone organized? | into osteons |
| What does the osteonic canal hold? | blood vessels |
| What type of canal connects the osteonic canal to blood vessels? | Volksmann's Canal |
| What are the 2 ways in which bones can be formed? | Bones can form from embryonic membrane or cartilage templates |
| What is the process called that turns cartilage into bone? | ossification? |
| What do intramembranous bone develop from? | embryonic membrane |
| What do endochondral bones develop form? | cartilage |
| In an intramembranous bone, what develops first: spongy bone or compact bone? | spongy bone |
| At what point in fetal development will ossification begin? | 6-7 weeks after conception |
| Which bones in the body are intramembranous bones? | flat bones of the skull, mandibles, clavicles |
| What must happen the the cartilage template before osteocytes can begin to produce bone matrix? | The chondrocytes will swell and die when a blood vessel forms in the center of the diaphysis. |
| How many bones is a baby born with? | over 300 |
| How many bones will an average adult have? | 206 |
| What are the 2 types of bone growth? | Interstitial growth and appositional growth |
| What type of bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate and increases the bone's length? | interstitial growth |
| What type of bone growth occurs in the periosteum and increases the bone's circumference or width? | Appositional growth |
| At what age will the epiphyseal plate fuse? | Between 16-21 years old. Females stop growing before males |
| Where are the epiphyseal plates located on the bone? | in the epiphysis |
| What 3 factors affect bone growth? | sufficient calcium, phosphate and vitamin D; correct hormone balance; the aging process |
| How can you increase your bone density and strength? | excercise regulary, make sure that you are getting the right amount of calcium, phosphate and vitamin D |
| What will decrease bone density and strength? | pregnancy, illness, eating disorders, nutrient deficiency |
| What hormone is released from the pituitary gland? | Growth hormone |
| What hormone is release from the thyroid? | Calcitonin |
| What does calcitonin do for the body? | metabolizes calcium and phosphate |
| What are the 4 hormones that must be balanced for correct bone density? | growth hormone, calcitonin, testosterone, estrogen |
| How can you increase your bone density as an older adult? | excercise frequently |
| What is a fracture? | a break in the bone |
| What happens the blood vessels when the bone fractures? | the blood vessles break and the the bone bleeds |
| What initiates fracture repair? | the bleeding of the bone |
| What forms after the bone begins to bleed? | a fracture hematoma |
| What is the purpose of the fracture hematoma? | it is a blood clot that stops the bleeding |
| What forms on a fracture after the hematoma forms? | a callus |
| What is the function of a callus? | specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the bone together |
| Why would osteoclasts needs to break down or dissolve bone matrix? | if the body is deficient in calcium, osteocytes will break down the bone matrix to release calcium for the muscle cells and nerve cells to use |
| What type of fracture causes the affected area to shatter into many small bony peices? | Comminuted fracture |
| What type of fracture causes the shaft of the bone to break across the long axis? | transverse fracture |
| What type of fracture is produced by a twisting stress and spreads along the length of the bone? | Spiral fracture |
| What type of fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg? | Pott's fracture |
| What type of fracture is a break in the distal portion of the radius and is often the result of reaching out to cushion a fall? | Colle's fracture |
| What type of fracture on breaks one side of the shaft and but leaves the other side bent? This usually occurs in children who bones have not yet fully ossified. | Greenstick fracture |
| What type of fracture occures between the ephiphysis and epiphyseal plate? | epiphyseal fracture |
| What type of fracture has the ability to halt further longitudinal growth unless carefully treated? | Epiphyseal fracture |
| What type of fracture can occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress such as falling on your butt? | compression fracture |
| What type of fracture produces new and abnormal arrangements of bony elements? | Displaced fractures |
| What type of fracture retains the normal alignment of the bones? | nondisplaced fractures |
| What type of tissue is cartilage made up of? | connective tissue |
| Is cartialge vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| How does cartilage get its nutrients? | it diffuses from the perichondrium or synovial fluid into the chondrocytes |
| What the the membrane called that surrounds cartilage? | perichondrium |
| Why is cartilage so flexible? | the cartilage fibers are embedded in a firm gel, the matrix contains lots of collagne fibers |
| Why is cartilage an excellent support system for a developing embryo? | because it forms rapidly and retains its shape and rigidity |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? | Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage |
| What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body? | hyaline cartilage |
| Where in the body would you find hyaline cartilage? | covering the epiphysis of bones, costal cartilage (attaches the ribs to the sternum), rings of the trachea and in the skeleton of a developing fetus |
| What type of cell does cartilage form from? | mesenchymal cells during embyonic development |
| Where in the body would you find elastic cartilage? | ears, nose, epiglottis, Eustachian tubes |
| What type of protein fiber do all 3 types of cartilage have? | collagen |
| What extra type of protein fiber allows Elastic cartilage to be extremely flexible? | elastic protein fibers |
| Where is fibrocartilage found? | iintervertebral disks and the symphysis pubis |
| Whoch type of cartilage is the strongest and most rigid? | fibrocartilage |
| What type of cartilage is the most flexible? | elastic cartilage |
| What are the 2 types of cartilage growth? | Interstitial growth and appositional growth |
| Where does appositional growth occur in cartilage? | perichondrium |
| When will intersitial cartilage growth occur? | during childhood and adolescence |
| When will appositional cartilage growth occur? | throughout life |
| Whay type of hormone is most important in regulating blood- calcium levels? | parathyroid hormone |
| What are the 2 hormones that regulate blood-calcium levels? | parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| What are the 3 organs that aide in calcium regulation? | kidneys, small intestine and bone |
| In a normal healthy adult, how will the kidneys help with calcium levels in the blood? | all calcium that passes though the kidneys will be reabsorbed into the blood stream |
| How much of the body's calcium reserve is located in bones? | 98% |
| Where in the body is dietary calcium absorbed? | small intestine |
| What happens during bone remodeling? | calcium moves in or out of the blood |
| What type of osteoclast activity occurs during the breakdown of bone? | osetoclasts release calcium back into the blood by dissolving bone matrix |
| What type of osteoblast activity occurs during the formation of bone? | osteoblasts remove calcium from the blood and deposit it into the bone |
| What 4 things is calcium homeostasis essential for? | bone formation and repair, blood clotting, nerve conductivity and muscle contraction |
| What 3 things will the parathyroid do in repsonse to low calcium levels in the blood? | stimulate osteoclasts, increase renal absorption of Ca, stimulate vitamin D synthesis |
| What is added to the lining of the small intestine epithelial cells to help increase calcium absorption? | calcium binding protein |
| What organ serves as the greatest reservoir of calcium? | bone |
| When is calcitonin produced? | when blood- calcium levels are high |
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