Nutrition Test 4
Order by
104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 stable body weight | energy consumed is equal to energy expanded |
| 1 lb body weight | 3,500 kcalories |
| bomb calorimeter | instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned |
| direct calorimetry | measures the heat energy released |
| indirect calorimetry | measures the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expelled |
| physiological fuel value | difference btwn # of kcals measured and # of kcals derived from food |
| fat | 9 kcals/gm |
| protein | 4 kcals/gm |
| carbohydrate | 4 kcals/gm |
| alcohol | 7 kcals/gm |
| appetite | initiates eating through the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food |
| hunger | feeling that motivates us to eat, controlled by hypothalamus |
| satiation | feeling of satisfaction and fullness that causes us to stop eating |
| satiety | reminds us not to eat again until the body needs food |
| hypothalamus | control center for energy intake, expenditure, and storage sends and receives messages from the brain, GI tract, liver and mouth |
| thermogenesis | generation of heat |
| expenditures of energy | basal metabolism (base kcal need) 50-65%, kcals for physical activity 30-50%, kcals burned during consumpition/digestion (thermic affect of food) 10%, kcals burned for adaptation differ person to person |
| basal metabolism | supports the basic processes of life: heart, breathing, temperature, RBC production |
| physical activity | most variable and changeable, aspect of weight gain and loss, duration/frequency/intensity influence expenditure |
| thermic effect | kcals burned in digestion/absorption carbs: 5-10 fat:0-5 protein: 20-30 alcohol: 15-20 |
| adaptive thermogenesis | additional kcals burned bc/o environment |
| BMI | (body mass index) measures weight for height BMI=wt(lbs) / ht(inches)^2 X 703 correlates with risk for heart disease |
| men"s body fat distribution | 13-21% body fat |
| Women's body fat distribution | 23-31% body fat |
| intra-abdominal (visceral) fat | within the abdomen and around abdominal organs, excess causes health risks |
| subcutaneous fat | fat directly under the skin |
| waist circumference | above or equal to 35 is high for women above or equal to 40 is high for men |
| anorexia nervosa | self starvation- tremendous self control to limit eating physical consequences can be life threatening treatment: food an weight, relationships |
| bulimia nervosa | binge eating- lack of control over eating, excessive kcals from high fat, low-fiber, high carb foods purging- cathartic and emetic treatment: weight maintenance, regular exercise, counseling |
| overweight BMI | BMI 25-29.9 |
| obesity BMI | above or equal to 30 |
| fat cell numbers | increase most rapidly in late childhood/early puberty, increase in times of positive energy balance |
| hyperplastic obesity | obesity due to increased number of fat cells |
| fat cell size | increase when energy intake exceeds expenditure |
| hypertrophic obesity | obesity due to large fat cells |
| lipase | lipoprotein that promotes fat storage |
| Set-Point Theory | *hypothalamus maintains homeostasis at set points *body tends to maintain a certain weight *metabolism adjusts to restore weight after gain/loss *energy expenditure increases after weight gain and decreases after weight loss this is why it is difficult to maintain weight in general |
| genetics | (cause of overweight) Prader-Willi Syndrome |
| leptin | (cause of overweight) hormone that suppresses appetite, obese ppl are resistant |
| adiponectin | (cause of overweight) hormone found in lean ppl that protects against insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease |
| ghrelin | (cause of overweight) hormone that increases appetite and decreases energy expenditure |
| PYY | (cause of overweight) suppresses appetite |
| white fat | stores fat for use as energy |
| brown fat | stores fat to be used as heat |
| sibutramine | (obesity treatment) suppresses the appetite and is most effective when used with reduced kcal diet and increased physical activity |
| orlistat | (obesity treatment) blocks fat digestion and absorption, main side effect GI problems |
| surgery | (obesity treatment) gastric- dietary instruction with it liposuction- primarily cosmetic but poses risk |
| diet minimum | 1200 calories, should be nutritionally adequate while avoiding excessive consumption 1-2 lbs a week or 10% of body weight in 6 months is safe |
| umbilical cord | ropelike structure that delivers nutrients and oxygen and removes waste from the fetus via placenta |
| placenta | performs function of respiration, absorption, and excretion for the fetus |
| fetal growth and development | *sperm fertilizes the ovum forming a zygote *zygote occurs in the uterus within 2 weeks * embryo 2-8 weeks, vital systems develop *fetus next 7 months, organs grow and mature |
| anencephaly | neural tube does not close, affects brain development |
| spina bifida | spinal cord does not close, can lead to paralysis or meningitis |
| epigenetics | study of heritable changes in gene function that occur w/o a change in DNA sequence, nutrients can activate or silence genes |
| maternal weight | weight prior to conception and weight gain during pregnancy will influence infant's birthweight |
| macrosomia | baby boron greater than 9 lbs difficult labor, birth trauma, Csection |
| Energy needs during pregnancy | 2nd trimester- +340 kcal/day 3rd trimester- +450 kcal/day |
| Pregnancy nausea | arise slowly, eat dry toast, chew gum, small frequent meals, avoid offensive food, consume carbonated drinks avoid citrus, coffee, tea, milk |
| pregnancy constipation/hemmorrhoids | eat high fiber food, exercise regularly, lots of liquid, laxatives only when prescribed |
| pregnancy heartburn | eat slow, chew, drink liquid btwn meals, no spicy/greasy food, sit up while eating, wait after eating to lay down |
| pregnancy food craving | does not reflect physiological needs, hormones change smell and taste sensitivity |
| pregnancy nonfood craving | pica is associated with iron deficiency |
| pregnancy malnutrition | reduces fertility, impairs fetal development- growth retardation, spontaneous abortion/stillbirth, mature, low birth weight |
| Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children | (WIC) provides vouchers |
| lactation | mammary glands secrete milk |
| prolactin | hormone responsible for milk production |
| oxytocin | hormone responsible for the let-down reflex |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | (FAS) due to excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy, consequences: growth retardation, brain impairment, abnormalities of face and skull |
| child growth | *weight doubles first 5 months *weight triples by 1 year * length grows slower than weight *energy needs are double that of an adult 100 kcal/kg vs. 40 kcal/kg adult |
| child nutrients | carbs- 60% of energy intake, need for brain fat- most of the energy in breast milk protein- important for growth and development Vitamin A, C, D (supplements recommended), and idine Need lots of water |
| lactose | form of carbohydrate in breast milk, enhances, calcium absorption |
| alpha-lactalbumin | form of protein in milk, easily digested and absorbed |
| colostrum | first secretions from the breast, provides antibodies and WBCs |
| Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay | can be caused by carbs in formula, milk or juice related to carbs in the milk prolonged exposure to formula when sleeping |
| Cow"s milk | not in 1st year, contains the protein casein and can cause intestinal bleeding and anemia, 1-2 whole cows milk, 2-5 reduced fat |
| solid foods | begin introducing at 4-6 months, introduce single ingredient foods one at a time to find allergies |
| iron foods | cereals with vitamin C rich foods and juices, meat or meat alternative |
| vitamin C foods | veggies first, the fruit, limit fruit juice consumption |
| ADHD | Attention-Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder, interferes with social development and academic behavior, regular hours of sleep, meals and activity help |
| anaphylactic shock | life threatening food allergy may include: eggs, milk, soy, peanuts, wheat, fish often outgrow dairy allergy |
| childhood obesity | reduce rate of weight gain rather than attempt weight loss |
| aolescence vitamins | all vitamins need to increase, vitamin D especially fro calcium absorption |
| adolescence iron | females need bc/o menstruation, males need bc/o increase in body mass, if low may cause anemia |
| adolescence calcium | crucial time for peak bone mass, increase dairy, low calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis |
| 78 years | average life span, a person's physiological age and chronological age may be different |
| 2/3 adults | adults overweight/obese |
| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass, nutrition and exercise play a role in maintaining muscle mass |
| atrophic gastritis | GI tract problem with age, impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients due to stomach inflammation, bacterial overgrowth, and a lack of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, Vitamin B helps |
| dysphagia | GI tract problem with age, difficulties in swallowing and can result in nutritional deficiencies |
| water recommendation | atleast 6 glasses a day |
| older adult supplements | *Vitamin D and Calcium- osteoporosis *Vitamin B12- for pernicious anemia *Iron for iron deficiency anemia |
| cataracts | older vision problems, thickening of the eye lens, Vitamin C and Vitamin E help, also carotenoids |
| mascular degeneration | older vision problems, deterioration of the macula (center of the retina) area of the eye that leads to vision problems and blindness |
| osteoarthritis | degeneration of joint cartilage risk factors: age, smoking, BMI, hormones, overweight |
| rheumatoid arthritis | immune system attacks bone coverage |
| gout | uric acid deposits in joint, these levels increase when meat and seafood, decrease when milk is consumed |
| Alzheimer's | patients can forget to eat |
| Food Assistance Programs | group meals at community centers for elderly |
| Meals on Wheels | home-delivery meal program for elderly |
| Senior Farmer's Market Nutrition Programs | allows lower income older adults to exchange coupons for fruits, veggies, and herbs |
| sugar | drug ingredient that can be a problem for diabetics |
| sorbitol | drug ingredient that may cause diarrhea |
| lactose | drug ingredient that can be a problem for those who are lactose intolerant |
| sodium | can be found in antibiotics and antacids and can affect blood pressure |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.