Antibiotics
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are four characteristics of bacteria? | a. 1 cell organism b. Rigid cell wall - Helps explain how we attack bacteria c. No true nucleus d. Have enough organelles that they can synthesize proteins |
| Virus has to invade cells and use their mechanism; bacteria doesn't have to do this. Why? | since they have enough intracellular components |
| What are the three ways bacteria can damage host tissue? | i. Must steal host's NUTRITION - Actually will damage the host i) Amino acids ii) Sugars ii. Local tissues are also harmed by released TOXINS and ENZYMES iii. Because they create an IMMUNE response (inflammatory reaction), the response may destroy normal host tissue |
| Good vs. bad bacteria | f. Balance between good and bad bacteria i. If you kill off the good, the bad can really flourish (CDIF - nasty diarrhea colonize bad bacteria - Eat yogurt recolonize good bacteria) *get sick FROM the bacteria |
| What are two ways in which bateria are named? | Shape Staining Tendencies |
| What are the different shapes of bacteria? | 1) Round - Cocci - spherical (singles, doubles, clusters) 2) Rod - Bacilli 3) Spiral - Spirochetes |
| What are the different staining tendencies of bacteria? | 1) Gram vassilis - person who invented the stain a) Gram Negative - stain gets washed away - light pink b) Gram Positive - retains it stain - dark black or purple 2) Acid-fast vassilis - bacteria that retain color even after treated with acid (nasty bugs) a) Tuberculosis (Tb) b) Leprosy |
| Which Gram is harder to kill? Why? | Gram negative - different achitechture |
| Why are antibiotics considered "selective"? What is the advantage to this? | The outer receptors on the bacteria are unique enough so they allow you to identify bacteria vs. host tissue (can give in high numbers) |
| Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic | i. Bactericidal - kill the bacterium (bug) ii. Bacteriostatic - slow or stop bacterium (bug) from reproducing until the immune system can kill it itself |
| Broad vs. narrow spectrum | i. Broad spectrum - some activity against many different bacteria ii. Narrow - targeted to a narrow bacteria |
| What are measures that can help slow or control of rise to drug resistance bacteria? | 1. Overall decrease in antibody consumption *want to educate patients - Patient - "Shouldn't I have an antibiotic?" 1) antibiotics are to be used very specifically when it is known that a known bacteria is the infecting agent 2) Wait until you have culture information back so you can use Narrow spectrum antibiotics - target the right bug 2. Increase the use of standard precautions #1) Washing hands 3. Don't automatically give to post-surgical patients (prevention) |
| What are 6 surgeries of high infection rate that you will give prophylatic antibiotics? | 1) Dirty surgery "gut" - GI tract 2) Trauma (i.e. Open wound/fracture) 3) Cardiac procedures (Surgeries considered "high risk") 4) Prosthetic Implants (leave something in the body) a) TKA b) THA 5) Hx of immunosuppressed 6) Hx of extended hospital stay -> Hospital for a while - exposed to nasty bugs just because they are in the hospital |
| What defense mechanisms do gram-positive vassili have against antibiotics? | 1.) B-lactams - group of antibiotics (chemical ring is reason for name) --->*B-Lactamase - enzyme that breaks down antibiotic before it actually enters the cell (defense mechanism) 2.) Peptidoglycan strands (bacterial wall) |
| How does the antibiotic attack and kill the bacterium (bug)? | 1.) Antibiotic gets down to penicillin-binding protiens where it actually connects 2.) Begins to destroy Peptidoglycan strands (bacterial wall) |
| What feature do Gram-negative vassili have that Gram-positive do not? What significance does this have? | An outer membrane in addition to the cytoplasmic membrane -why they are harder to kill |
| Why do bacteria still evovle and become harder to kill? | Change defense mechanisms |
| What are different classes of antibiotics? | 1. Bacterial cell wall inhibitors |
| What are characteristics of Bacterial cell wall inhibitors? | Bactericidal as a group (B-lactams - chemical ring) |
| What are characteristics of penicillin G? | } Given by IV } Can enter CSF - Can fight bugs that cross the BBB (i.e. Bacterial meningitis) |
| What are three types of penicillins? | i) Naturally occurring penicillin G/V ii) Amino Penicillin iii) Antistaphylococcal "fighting little sphere" |
| What are two types of Amino Penicillin? | One. Ampicillin Two. Amoxicillin |
| What are Amino Penicillins good for? | UTI Respiratory tract infections |
| How can you make Amoxicillin more effective? What is an example of this? | Combine it with B-lactamase inhibitor (inhibit this enzyme; thus Amoxicillin can get to the penicillin binding proteins easier) Augmentin - nice strong antibiotic "double whammy" |
| What is an example of Antistaphylococcal "fighting little sphere"? | Methicillin |
| What are characteristics of methicillin? | ► Good antibiotic for most staph infections ► MRSA 1. To fight off this, you need to go up to one of the next generation |
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