Nutrition Chapter 12: Water and major minerals
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laurackerr on November 29, 2011
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63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of water in body fluids | - carries nutrients and waste products through body - maintains the structure of large molecules like proteins and glycogen - participates in metabolic reactions - aids in regulation of body temp (sweat) - solvent for minerals, vitamins, AAs, glucose, other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities - acts as lubricant/cushion around joints, inside eyes, spinal cord, in pregnancy surrounding amniotic sac - maintains blood pressure |
| how much of the total body weight of an adult does water constitute | 60% |
| other water body facts | - 75% of lean tissue weight is water - <25% adipose tissue weight is water - proportion of water in body is smaller in females, obese, elderly |
| where are fluids found in the body? | - intracellular fluid - interstitial fluid (between cells) - intravascular fluid |
| what part of the body maintains water balance? | the hypothalamus in the brain. About 2.5 L fluid in per day and about 2.5 L of fluid out per day |
| what is thirst? | a constant desire to drink |
| what is dehydration? | a condition in which water output exceeds water input. Symptoms: - thirst - dry skin/ mucous membranes - rapid heartbeat - low BP - weakness - death |
| what is water intoxication? | rare condition in which body water contents are too high. Symptoms: - confusion - convulsions - death |
| Sources of water input | - liquids - foods - water created by metabolism |
| sources of water output | - Kidneys - Skin - lungs - feces |
| Minerals, generic | - inorganic elements - maintain their chemical identity (cannot be destroyed by heat, acid, O2 or changed into anything else) - overdoses can be toxic - bioavailability varies |
| Why does bioavailability of minerals vary? | certain substances bind with minerals and prevent their absorption. Phytates (legumes and grains) and oxalates (green leafy veggies) |
| what are the major minerals? | present and needed by the body in larger amounts - sodium - chloride - potassium - calcium - phosphorous - magnesium - sulfur |
| what are the trace minerals? | present and needed by body in smaller amounts - iron - zinc - copper - manganese - iodine - selenium - molybdenum |
| how are major minerals divided into groups? | - based on function - minerals involved with fluid balance (sodium, chloride, potassium) - minerals involved in bone health (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) |
| which atoms have no electrical charge? | sodium and chlorine |
| what happens when a mineral salt (like sodium chloride) disolves into water? | it dissociates into ions |
| what is an ion? | positively and negatively charged particles (Na+, Ca-) - positively charged ions= cations - negatively charged ions= anions |
| what are salts that dissociate into ions? | electrolytes |
| what is electrolyte balance? | when human body electrolyte solutions have the same number of + and - particles. should happen. Death can be a consequence if this does not happen |
| important body electrolytes | cations: - sodium - potassium - calcium - magnesium anions: - chloride - bicarbonate - phosphate - sulfate |
| Sodium chief function | - principal cation of extracellular fluids - maintains fluid and electrolyte balance - helps maintain acid base balance - assists in nerve transmission/ muscle contraction (Na in should=Na out) |
| deficiency symptoms and toxicity symptoms for sodium | Deficiency: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity: acute hypertension, edema |
| related sodium facts | - 1 gm salt= 400 mg sodium - 5 gm salt= 1 tsp - 1 tsp salt= 2000 mg - most health authorities recommend less than 2400 mg sodium/day - minimum needs= 500 mg/ day - high Na intake leads to high Ca excretion |
| sodium and hypertension | - sodium (salt) does not cause hypertension in healthy people - sodium (salt) causes high BP in people with salt sensitivity - calcium can decrease BP |
| chloride chief function | - chief anion of extracellular fluid - maintains fluid and electrolyte balance - part of HCl found in stomach |
| foods chloride is found in | table salt, soy sauce, processed foods, foods with visible salt, salt spices, condiments, luncheon meats *same as sodium |
| chloride deficiency and toxicity symptoms | deficiency: do not occur under normal circumstances toxicity: vomiting |
| chloride related facts | - element chlorine (Cl2) is poisonous gas - when chlorine reacts with sodium or hydrogen, it forms the chloride ion (Cl-) - excessive vomiting of gastric juices upsets acid-base balance and leads to metabolic alkalosis (commonly observed in bulimia) |
| Potassium chief function | - principal intercellular cation (K+) - maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance - assists in nerve transmission and muscle contraction *almost same as sodium, except intercellular |
| foods, deficiency symptoms for potassium | - most whole foods (ubiquitous) - deficiency is most common electrolyte imbalance - results from diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, drugs (diuretics, steroids, laxatives) - Symptoms: muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion |
| potassium toxicity symptoms | toxicity occurs from potassium salts or supplements. Symptoms: - muscle weakness, vomiting, renal failure If administered intravenously it can stop the heart (uthenation) |
| other potassium facts | - some diuretics are potassium "wasting" diuretics and potassium supplements are required. - diets low in potassium increase risk of hypertension and stroke - diets high in potassium decrease risk of hypertension and stroke - RDA= 2000 mg/ day - Bananas: 1 cup=600 mg |
| Calcium location and functions | - most abundant mineral in the body - 99% of bodys calcium is found in bones and teeth where Ca functions in mineralization of bones and teeth and stores Ca - 1% of bodys calcium is found in body fluids where Ca is involved in blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, BP maintenance |
| foods Calcium is found in | milk/ milk products, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, greens, legumes (requires Calcium-Binding protein for absorption) |
| deficiency and toxicity symptoms for calcium | deficiency: stunted growth in children, bone loss in adults (related to osteoporosis) Toxicity: constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney disfunction |
| calcium in bones | - hydroxyapatite: calcium crystals in a protein matrix in bone - calcium in bones is constantly remodeled, change in bone shape during bone growth from Ca++ deposition/reabsorption |
| related calcium facts | - normal Ca= 9-11 mg/ day - calcium rigor= increase Ca, causes death - calcium tetany= decrease calcium, causes death - Vitamin D controls calcium |
| Calcium absorption | - adults absorb about 30% of calcium ingested - pregnant women absorb 50% - growing children absorb 50-60% - calcium in supplements is not well absorbed (500 mg calcium gluconate tablet= 45mg absorbed) |
| what is required for calcium absorption? | calcium binding proteins |
| things that enhance calcium absorption | - vitamin D - sugars (lactose) - stomach acid - hormones that promote growth |
| things that inhibit calcium absorption | - lack of stomach acid (tums?) - vitamin D deficiency - high phosphorus intake - high fiber diet (phytates, oxalates) |
| parathyroid hormone and blood calcium concentration | - causes Vit D activation - this leads to increased blood calcium or at least maintains current |
| calcitonin on blood calcium concentration | - suppresses activation of vitamin D - lowers blood calcium levels |
| what does active Vitamin D cause to happen | - increased absorption of Ca from intestine - increased reabsorption of Ca from bone (Ca leaves bone/ goes into bloodstream) - increased reabsorption of Ca from kidney (Ca returned to blood supply as blood leaves kidney) *Inactivated Vit D causes opp to happen |
| about how many people does osteoporosis affect? | more than 25 million in the US/ year, mostly women |
| diagnosing osteoporosis | - develops earlier without warning and not diagnosed till years later - usually becomes apparent when someones hip suddenly gives way - more than 300,000 people in the US are hospitalized each year with hip fractures. |
| What is osteoporosis? | - means porous bone - It is the loss of calcium from trabecular bone (lacy inner structure of calcium crystals that supports bone structure and provides the body's storage depot of calcium) - it is a decrease in bone density |
| Osteoporosis cause, cure, bones most affected | - cause: not known at present - cure: not possible at present time - Bone most affected: spine and pelvis bones - Average female loses 6 inches in height from age 50-80 due to compression of bones in the spine. 2-6 girls: 1 boy |
| osteoporosis and menopause | females going through menopause (loss of estrogen secretion) is associated with onset osteoporosis. In males, slowing of testosterone secretion (in aging process) is associated with onset of osteoporisis |
| things to increase risk for osteoporosis | - being caucasian and east asian - smoking - alcoholsim - low BMI - estrogen deficiency and testerstone deficiency |
| things that decrease risk for osteoporosis | - being African American - weight bearing activity throughout life - regular consumption of low-fat dietary foods (not food supplements) |
| Phosphorus chief function and location in body | - 2nd most abundant mineral in body - bone mineralization, buffering system, acid/base balance - found in bones, teeth, part of every cell (phospholipids), genetic material, ATP |
| phosphorus foods, deficiency symptoms, toxicity symptoms, related facts | - From all animal tissue - deficiency symptoms: rare (usually drug induced making phosphorus unavailable), results in weakness and bone pain - toxicity symptoms: rare, decreased calcium - related facts: phosphoric acid in dark, carbonated beverages inhibits calcium absorption |
| Magnesium chief function, foods | Chief function: bone mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, maintenance of teeth, immune integrity foods: nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark veggies, seafood, cocoa |
| magnesium deficiency symptoms | rare - weakness - confusion - muscle spasms - hypertension |
| magnesium toxicity symptoms | - rare - results from supplement intake--> diarrhea - alkalosis - dehydration |
| magnesium and the heart | - magnesium is critical to nerve transmission/ muscle contraction of heart muscle - protects against hypertensions and heart disease - people living in areas with hard water (high concentrations of magnesium and calcium) tend to have lowered rates of heart disease - magnesium deficiency= artery and capillary walls constrict which results in a hypertensive effect |
| sulfur sources and location | - part of proteins, stabilize their shape by forming disulfide bridges - part of vitamins biotin and thiamin - part of hormone insulin |
| sulfur foods | protein foods |
| sulfur deficiency symptoms | not known, only with severe protein deficiency |
| sulfur toxicity symptoms | rare |
| sulfur related facts | - rigid body proteins (skin, hair, nails) are made of more sulfur containing AAs - curly hair contains more sulfur- containing AAs |
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