Political Geography APHuG Unit 4
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Political geography | the subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface |
| Relict boundary | A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape. |
| Superimposed boundary | A political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape. Usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns, such as the border that now divides North and South Korea. |
| Subsequent boundary | A political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of the cultural landscape through which it passes. |
| Antecedent boundary | A political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area. |
| Cultural-political boundary | Political boundaries that coincide with cultural breaks in the landscape, such as landscape, such as language, religion, and ethnicity |
| Physical-political boundary | Political boundaries that coincide with prominent physical features in the natural landscape-such as rivers or the crest ridges of mountain ranges |
| Geometric boundary | Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as straight lines or arcs. |
| Exclaves | A bounded piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another state |
| Microstate | A state very small in size |
| Enclaves | A piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a part. |
| Boundary demarcation | The actual placing of a political boundary on the landscape by means of barriers, fences, walls, or other markers. |
| Boundary delimitation | The translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartographic representation. |
| Boundary definition | The written legal description of a boundary between two countries or territories. |
| Boundary | A vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above |
| Sovereignty | Final authority over a territory's political and military affairs |
| Nationalism | The desire on behalf of a group that sees itself as a nation to achieve self-government through the establishment or promotion of a nation-state with genuine sovereignty |
| Geopolitics | The study of interplay between international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur |
| Gerrymander | To redistrict for advantage, or practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party and electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible |
| Electoral geography | Subfield of geography that deals with various spatial aspects of voting systems, voting behavior, and voter representation. |
| Forward capital | cities used to acheive national aims and promote change |
| Unitary state | A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
| Federal state | A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have comment interest yet allow these various entities to retain their own identities. |
| Multicore area | A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political or cultural. |
| Core area | Refers to center, heart, or focus. Constituted by national heartland-largest population cluster, most productive region, and area with greatest centraility and accessibility |
| Colonialism | Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. |
| Centripetal force | Promote unity within states |
| Centrifugal force | All states deal with divisiveness |
| Rimland theory | Who controls Rimland rules Eurasia (Nicholas Spykman) |
| Organic theory | Ratzel's view that a nation, which is an aggregrate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism |
| Heartland theory | Mackinder believed that an impregnable, resource-rich pivot area would become the base for world conquest |
| Supranationalism | a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives |
| Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | An oceanic zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a shoreline, within which the coastal state can control fishing, mineral exploration, and additional activities by all other countries. |
| International sanctions | Designed to induce states to change their behavior |
| Median-line principle | The system of drawing a political boundary midway between two states' coastlines when the territorial seas or EEZ are narrower than twice the standard or adopted limit |
| Truman proclamation | proclamation that United States would regulate fisheries' activitities in areas of the high seas adjacent to its coastline, and that U.S. jurisdiction over the continental shelf and its contents would be limited to the region within the 600-foot isobath |
| Law of the sea | Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. |
| Globalization | The expansion of economics, political and cultural processes to the point that they beome global in scale and impact. |
| Gateway state | A state, by virtue of its border location between geopolitical power cores, that absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors without being dominated by them. |
| Ethnonationalism | The identification and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation. |
| New World Order | A description of the international system resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states. |
| Devolution | the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Political culture | Personal political beliefs. Reflected by congressional, international borders, and maps. |
| State | Territory controlled by a government. Must meet four main criteria |
| Nation-state | Territory in which nation and state occupy the same space |
| Nation | Group of people who feel a belonging to a cultural community |
| Criteria for a State | 1. space w/recognized borders 2. permanent population 3. organized government 4. soverignety (control over borders) |
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