chp7-memory
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words note:what is frequently used for short term memory. |
| Visual encoding | the mental representation of information as images ex: remembering stop sign as an octagon |
| semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words ex:seeing dog and remembering it by tying it to cute things in your memory |
| storage | process of maintaining info in memory over time. note: 2nd step of basic mem. proecesses |
| retrieval | the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory note: can be recall or recognition. |
| recall | retrieve memory w/o help or clues ex: written exam |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned ex:multiple choice test. |
| episodic memory | memory of personal experiences ex: "there was this one time when the same thing happened to me." |
| Semantic memory | memory for general knowledge ex: wrench=tool, wordl=round w/o remembering event |
| procedural memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection ex: walking, typist typing |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" ex: used when taking exams |
| Implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection ex: muscle memory/ amnesia girl remembering not to shake doc's hand because he had a tack in it last time. DKN why not to but does. |
| Levels of Procession model | view stating that how well something is remembered depends on the degree to which incoming info is mentally processed note: describes storage..more thought about better remembered. |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory ex: learning a phone # repeat a little and remember for a while. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | Rehearsal in which meaning is added to the material to be remembered ex: list of words-> remember what's useful on desert island. |
| Information processing model | a cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved note: extern. stimuli-> sensory ->short term-> long term |
| Sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system ex: eyes remembering actual images in consecutive order |
| Short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before information is stored or forgotten note: made longer by modes of rehearsal |
| chunking | The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember ex: boy kicked mother in shin on sunday = three parts... boy kicking...mother...on sunday. |
| immediate memory span | the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items note: 5-9 |
| Brown-Peterson procedure | a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory note: 18 sec |
| Long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system ex: where retrieval retrieves info from |
| Transfer-appropriate processing model | a model of memory that suggests that a critical determinant of memory is how well the retrieval process matches the original encoding process note: good encoding-good retrieval |
| Parallel distributed processing model | knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units and all operating in parallel note: video clip of childhood mem. being actually chain of attached neurons glued together |
| Primacy effect | The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence. note: part of serial-position curve |
| Recency effect | The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence. note: part of serial-position curve |
| Context dependent | the environment acts as a retrieval cue. This means that it is easier to remember information when you are in the location (context) where you originally learned that information. Ex: remember stuff at home before test, but in classroom forget it all. |
| State dependent | memories that are recalled better when the mood in which they were original it encoded is recreated ex: depressed people remember depressing things |
| Schemas | conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world ex: connotation everything we learn to other words we learn |
| Decay | Theory which states that memory fades and/or disappears over time if it is not used or accessed. ex: getting orlder |
| Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. ex: can remem. french words learned this term, but forget spanish terms learned earlier. |
| Proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information ex: french words learning now make learning german hard. |
| Anterograde amnesia | loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma ex: HM and his cut hippocampus |
| Retrograde amnesia | loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event note: due to damage to diff. parts of brain can be partial |
| Mnemonics | a method or system for improving the memory ex: porn for proactive because of old and retroactive because of new. |
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