| Term | Definition |
| subcontinent | a large landmass that is connected to a continent |
| Indus River Valley | known today as Pakistan, an important civilization along the Indus River |
| Himalayas | largest mountains in the world, borders Indian subcontinent to the north |
| Hindu Kush | mountain range bordering Indian subcontinent to the north |
| tributary | small river or stream that flows into a larger river |
| Mohenjo-Daro | a thriving city with aproximetely 40,000 people |
| Harappa | a thriving city with about 40,000 in it |
| citadel | walled fortress used for protection, religion, and government |
| migration | a movement by a large group of people |
| Huang River Valley | this civilization began around the Huang River |
| plateau | an area of flat land raised above the surrounding land |
| dynasty | a line of rulers belonging to the same family and pass control from one generation to the next |
| An-yang | a great city built by the Shang; political and cultural center of China |
| ancestors | people from who one is descended |
| oracle | special priests believed to receive messages from the gods |
| summary | briefly states the main idea of the entire writing |
| topic sentence | the sentences that contain the main ideas |