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Variable A factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis. Mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Hypothesis Is an educated guess. Theory An explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observation. Scientific Method Are the ways in which scientists follow steps to answer question-steps. Law Tells how thing work A summary of many experimental results. Electron Microscope Tiny particles called electrons are used to produce magnified images. Scientific Theory Well supported by many observations and experiments. Compound Light Microscope An instrument that magnifies small objects so that they can be seen easily by using two or more lenses. Volume A measure of the size of a body or region in three dimensional space. Temperature A measure of how hot or cold something is. Area A measure of the size of a surface or a region. Life Science The study of living things. Model Something representing something else. Is something we can see. Controlled Experiment Test only 1 factor at a time and consists of a control group & 1 or more experimental group. Technology The use of tool, machines, materials, and process to meet human needs. Consumer An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter. Protein A molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body. Sexual Reproduction Two parents produce offspring that will share characteristics of both parents. Carbohydrate A class of energy-giving nutrients that includes sugar, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Heredity The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. Metabolism The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism. Cell A membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life.. Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal environment is called ... Asexual Reproduction A single parent produce offspring that are identical to the parent. Stimulus Anything that causes a reaction or change in a organism or any part of an organism. Producer An organism that can make it own food by using energy from its surroundings. ATP A molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes. Decomposer An organism that get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms of animal wastes. Lipid A type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steroids are_______. Phospholipid Are molecules that form much of cell membrane. Nucleic Acid A molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides. Organ A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body. Mitochondrion Is the organelle in the which sugar is broken down to produce energy. Ribosome Organells that make proteins are called.. Cell Wall Is a rigid structure that gives support to a cell. Prokaryote Are single - celled organisms don't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organells. Golgi Complex Cell organelle that helps make & package materials to be transported out of the cell "The UPS Truck" Structure The arrangement of parts in an organism. Cell Membrane A protective layer that covers the cell's contents from its environment. Acts like a barrier. Vesicle A small cavity or sac that contains materials in an eukaryotic cell. Nucleus The DNA is enclosed inside an organelle called... Eukaryote Organisms made of eukaryotic cells are called..... Organ System A group of organs working together to perform a particular function. Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a system of folded membrane in which protein, lipid, and other materials are made.. Tissue A group of similar cells that perform a common function Organelle Are structures that perform specific functions within the cell. Organism Anything that can perform life processes by itself. Function The special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part. Cell The smallest unit that can perform all life processes Cells are covered by a membrane and have DNA & cytoplasm. Lysosome Are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Diffusion The movement of particles from region of high to low density. Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm of a cell. Mitosis In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei; each of which has the same number of chromosomes. Homologous Chromosomes Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure. Osmosis The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. Passive Transport The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell. Exocytosis The process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane. Endocytosis The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. Active Transport The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy. Cellular Respiration The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. Photosynthesis The process by which plants, alage, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. Fermentation The breakdown of food without the use of oxygen. Cell cycle The life cycle of a cell. Chromosome In the eukaryotic cell, one of the structure in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA. Heredity The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. Dominant Trait The trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred. Recessive Trait A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred. Gene One set of instruction for an inherited trait. Allele One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color. Phenotype An organism's appearence or other detectable characteristic. Genotype The entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits. Meiosis A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells. Sex Chromosomes One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual. Pedigree A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. DNA A molecule that is present in all living cells & that contains the information that determines the traits that a living things inherits and needs to live. Nucleotide In a nucleic - acid chain, a subunit that consits of a sugar, phosphate, and a base. RNA A molecule that is present in all living cells & that plays a role in protein production. Ribosomes A cell organelle composed of RNA & protein; the site of protein synthesis. Mutation Change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule. Adaptation A characteristic that helps an organism survive & reproduce in a particular environment. Species A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring. Evolution The process in which inherited characteristic within a population change over generations such that new species sometimes arise Population Groups of individuals of the same species living in the same place make up a... Fossil The remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological process. Fossil Record A historical sequence of life indicated by fossils found in layers of the Earth's crust. Trait A genetically determined characteristic. Selection Breeding The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired characteristic. Natural Breeding Process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive & reproduce more successfully than well adapted individuals do; a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution. Generation Time Period between the birth of 1st generation & the birth of the next generation. Speciation Formation of new species as a result of evolution Fossil The reason or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological process Relative Dating Any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects Absolute Dating Any method of measuring the age of object or event in years Geologic Time Scale Standard method used to divide the Earth's long natural history into manageable parts Extinct A species that has died out completely Plate Tectonics The theory that explains how large pieces of the Earth's outermost layer, move and change shape Precambrian Time The period in the geologic time scale from the beginning of the Paleozoic era, from about 4.6 billion to 54.3 mya Paleozonic Era The geologic era that followed Precambrian time and that lasted from 543 million to 248 million years ago Mesozoic Era The geologic era that lasted from 248 million to 65 million years ago; also called the Age of Reptiles Cenozoic Era The most recent geologic era, beginning 65 million years ago; also called the Age of Mammals Primate Type of mammal characterized by opposable thumbs and binocular vison Hominid Type of primate characterized by bipedalsim, relatively long lower limbs, and lack of a tail Homo sapiens Species of hominids that includes modern human & their closest ancestors & that 1st appeared about 100,000 to 160,000 years ago