Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

bilineal descent the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage cross-cousin offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother descent the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage dowry the transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly marriage couple endogamy marriage within a particular group or locality exogamy marriage outside a particular group or locality extended household a coresidential group that comprises more than one parent-child unit family a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing household either one person living alone or a group of people who may or may not be related by kinship and who share living space incest taboo a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin kinship system the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved marriage a union, usually between two people who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, coresident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative matrifocality a household pattern in which a female (or females) is the central figure around whom other members cluster matrilineal descent a descent system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female line, favoring marital residence with or near the bride's family, and providing for property to be inherited through the female line monogamy marriage between two people nuclear household a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners) with or without children parallel cousin offspring of either one's father's brother or one's mother's sister patrilineal descent a descent system that highlights the important of men in tracing descent, determining marital residence with or near the groom's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line polygamy marriage involving multiple spouses unilineal descent the tracing of descent through only one parent achieved position a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action age set a group of people close in age who go through certain rituals, such as circumcision, at the same time ascribed position a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth caste system a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group diaspora population a dispersed group of people living outside their original homeland matriarchy the dominance of women in economic, political, social, and ideological domains mestizaje literally, a racial mixture; in Central and South America, indigenous people who are cut off fro their Indian roots, or literate and successful indigenous people who retain some traditional cultural practices patriarchy the dominance of men in economic, political, social, and ideological domains primary group a social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis secondary group a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally social group a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinships social stratification a set of hierarchical relationships among different groups as though they were arranged in layers, or "strata" status a person's position, or standing, in society migration movement from one place to another internal migration movement within country boundaries international migration movement across country boundaries transnational migration regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity push-pull theory an explanation for rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people's incentives to move because of a lack of opportunity in rural areas compared with urban areas bracero an agricultural laborer in Latin America and the Caribbean who is permitted entry to a country to work for a limited time remittance the transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family in the country of origin circular migration repeated movement between two or more places, either within or between countries displaced person someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country refugee someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country internally displaced person (IDP) someone who is forced to leave his or her home or community but who remains in the same country new immigrant an international migrant who has moved since the 1960s chain migration a form of population movement in which a first wave of migrants comes and then attracts relatives and friends to join them in the destination right of return the United Nations' guaranteed right of a refugee to return to his or her home country to live development change directed toward improving human welfare poverty the lack of tangible and intangible assets that contribute to life and the quality of life invention the discovery of something new diffusion the spread of culture through contact acculturation a form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture assimilation a form of cultural change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity social impact assessment a study conducted to predict the potential social coasts and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken modernization a model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, a market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility social capital the intangible resources existing in social ties, trust, and cooperation development project a set of activities designed to put development policies into action project cycle the steps of a development project from initial planning to completion: project identification, project design, project appraisal, project implementation, and project evaluation traditional development anthropology an approach to international development in which the anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners critical development anthropology an approach to international development in which the anthropologist takes a critical-thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued male bias in development the design and implementation of development projects with men as beneficiaries and without regard to the impact of the projects on women's roles and status life project local people's definition of the direction they want to take in life, informed by their knowledge, history, and context