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Griffith studied the change from live, rough strain bacteria into live, smooth strain bacteria in mice Hershey and Chase conducted experiments with bacterophages and concluded that viruses inject DNA into the cells they attack Levene He determined the basic structures of nucleotides parts of a nucleotide phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base nitrogenous bases in DNA adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine Nitrogenous bases in RNA Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine purines guanine and adenine pyridines thymine and cytosine Rosalind Franklin Took a photo of DNA that showed that it was a double helix with two strands Watson and Crick Built the first model of DNA outside strands of DNA alternating deoxyribose and phosphate bases in DNA held together by... hydrogen bonds DNA in prokaryotes DNA in contained in the cytoplasm and consists of a ring of DNA Histones DNA coils around them (bead-like proteins) replication parental strands of DNA separate serve as templates and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA DNA helicase it unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix RNA primase enzyme that adds a short segment of RNA on each DNA strand as the helix unwinds RNA primer short segment of RNA that is attached to each DNA as the helix unwinds DNA polymerase enzyme that catalyzes that addition of appropriate nucleotides to the DNA strand as DNA unwinds the ____ strand is elongated and the ___ strand elongates away from the replication fork leading, lagging Okazaki fragments/how do they connect small segments of the lagging strand which get connected; DNA ligase DNA ligase enzyme that links two sections or nucleotides together on the DNA strand DNA serves as a genetic code for the synthesis proteins the basic mechanism of reading and expressing genes as proteins is from DNA to ___ to ____ RNA, proteins 3 types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) mRNA type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm tRNA type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome Transcription synthesis of mRNA from DNA in RNA instead of writing a T you use a U in writing DNA you use.. AG-TA Introns DNA sequences that are not in the final mRNA codons 3 bases that are read at a time in DNA translation when mRNA moves to the ribosome and the code is read and translated to make a protein anticodon 3-base coding sequence on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on the mRNA peptide bond bond formed between amino acids as the tRNA goes through translation Beadle and Tatum provided evidence that a gene can code for an enzyme mutation permanent change in a cell's DNA substitution point mutation in which one base is exchanged for another insertions additions of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence deletions loss of nucleotide Diseases caused by problems with protein folding alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia mutagens substances that cause mutations mutations in which cells are not passed onto the next generation somatic, germ-line