PSY 170 4
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196 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Theories of Biological Aging | DNA-Cellular Level • Programmed effects of specific genes - Telomere shortening • Random Events -Mutations and cancer - Free radicals |
| Telomere | end of DNA |
| Free radicals | natural biproduct to metabolism, |
| Biological Aging | • The maximum human life span is between 110 to 120 years • Hayflick limit: Each species is subject to a genetically programmed time limit after which cells no longer have the capacity to replicate • Telomere: string of repetitive DNA at the tip of each chromosome that serves as a kind of timekeeping mechanism |
| Biological Aging | • Free radicals: molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired proton - Engage in chemical reactions that cause cell damage - Reduced by antioxidants • Eat your fruits and veggies! |
| Cardiovascular & Respiratory Changes | • Heart - Few resting changes, lower performance under stress - Hypertension, atherosclerosis Lungs - max vital capactiy declines after 25 |
| Motor Performance in Adulthood | • Athletic skills peak between 20 and 35 - Decline gradually until 60s or 70s, then faster - continued training slows loss --- keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed |
| Leading Causes of Death in Early Adulthood | USA - accidental injury is higher, then cancer Canada - cancer is highest influences: health care sys, behaviors, poverty, gun laws |
| Exercise | • Only one third get enough - At least 30 minutes moderate five or more days a week -More often, more vigorous is better • Around one third of North Americans are inactive -Women - Low SES |
| Stress | • Related to - Illness - Unhealthy behavior • Caused or worsened by - Low SES - Challenges of early adulthood - + stress form is called eustress - nagative form is called distress - effected by sleep, finances, attitudes, children, career |
| Expertise and Creativity | - expertise: takes many years, affects info processing - effects on creativity: prob findings, 10 yr rule, creativity usually rises in early adulthood |
| 10 yr rule | takes 10 yrs to reach the master of your creativity |
| Social Clock | • Following a social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability • Distress if not following or falling behind - norms of having kids, getting married etc |
| life course | - trajectories: path of life experience - transitions: beginning or ending of a life role - tied to work and family |
| Fulfillment Theories | • Competence motivation - Behaviours motivated by a desire for new levels of mastery • Self-Acceptance - carl rogers? - Experience and accept your authentic self • Self-Actualization - maslow & heirarchy of needs |
| Friendships in Early Adulthood | • Friends usually similar age, sex, SES • Common interests, experiences, needs - Add to pleasure of friendship • Trust, intimacy, loyalty continue important • Siblings often friends • Sex differences in friendship styles continue |
| Selecting a Mate | - physicla proximity - similarity - gender differences: ---- women: ambition, financials, morals ---- men: attractiveness |
| homogamy | ppl with similar backgrounds find eachother due to having simialr intersts |
| Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love | • Three components: - Passion: Spark that triggers the relationship, fades - Commitment - Intimacy: communication & knowing eachother |
| REASONS WHY COUPLES STAY TOGETHER | • The reasons most often given for staying together by a sample of more than 300 couples married for at least 15 years are listed below in order of frequency. 1. My spouse is my best friend. 2. I like my spouse as a person. 3. Marriage is a long-term commitment. 4. Marriage is sacred. 5. We agree on aims and goals. 6. My spouse has grown more interesting. 7. I want the relationship to succeed. * NO PASSION!!!* |
| Sternberg's Seven Styles of Love | Non- love: No itimacy, passion/commitment like: intimacy infatuation: passion empty: commitment romantic: intimacy, passion companionate: intimacy & commitment fatuous: passion & commitment eg twilight consumate: has ALL itimacy, passion/commitment eg notebook |
| Childhood Attachment and Adult Romantic Relationships | secure: working model: comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment. Adult relationships: trust, happiness, friendship avoidant: working model: stress independence, mistust, anxiety about closeness. Adult relationships: jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure resistant: working model: seek quick love, complete merging. Adult relationships: jealousy, desperation, emotional highs & lows |
| secure | only attachment history with trust |
| avoidant & resistant | 2 attachment histories with jealousy |
| Traditional Marriages | men being providers, women being homemakers - difference between the roles and respnsibilities |
| Egalitarian Marriages | - more of a balance between roles and responsibilities eg couples doing house chores together |
| Gender and Housework | USA- in between Canada- in between sweden- more eqalitarian Japan- more traditional |
| Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction | • Family backgrounds • Age at marriage - over 23 • Length of courtship - longer then 6 months • Timing of first pregnancy - after 1 yr of marriage • Relationship to extended family • Financial and employment status • Family responsibilities - preceived of being equal • Personality characteristics - + coping strategies, communication, emotionally centered, |
| communication & marriage satisfaction | • High levels of disclosure and disclosure reciprocity maintains intimacy • Low conflict - Negative communication - Coercive escalation - Lack of congruence - Demand-withdraw pattern: uneven balance of power, vocal vs withdrawn partner |
| Partner Abuse | • Men more likely to become violent • Violence-remorse cycles common Factors include: - Hostile childhood home environment - Stressful life events • Much treatment not very effective |
| Transition to Parenthood | • Roles often become more traditional - Roles become less traditional with second birth • Marriage can be strained - Problems before children predict problems after - Shared caregiving predicts happiness • Later parenthood eases transition |
| Vision & Hearing Changes in mid adulthood | Presbyopia: decreased ability to focus on near objects Presbycusis: loss of ability to hear high-frequency tones |
| The Skeletal System & mid adulthood | • Osteoporosis - Bones become brittle and porous, increasing risk of fractures - Affects women more than men - Bone loss begins at about age 30 for men and women, but in women is accelerated by menopause - Can be prevented by: • getting enough calcium during early adulthood • weight-bearing exercise throughout adult life |
| Menopause | • Age range extends from late 30's to late 50's • Premenopause - irregular periods begin, early 40's • Perimenopause - hormone fluctuations more extreme, hot flashes, mid to late 40's • Postmenopause - periods cease completely, about 50 |
| LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: | CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER (1/2) |
| Leading Causes of Death in mid adult | Cardiovascular disease - Risk factors: Inactivity Smoking Weight High fat diet High LDL High blood pressure Type A personality #1 is Genetics Cancer - ½ of all deaths in this age group - Caused by mutation leading to uncontrolled cell growth - Risk factors:Inactivity Smoking Weight High fat diet Heavy alcohol consumption Genetics |
| Managing Stress | • Reevaluate the situation • Focus on events you can control • Consider alternatives • Exercise regularly • Relaxation techniques • Constructively reduce anger • Seek social support |
| Intelligence and Memory | IQ scores remain stable through early adulthood Crystallized intelligence: - Accumulated skills and knowledge. - Increases with experience/age Fluid intelligence: - "Basic" problem-solving and processing abilities - Decreases with age |
| Other Options in Parenthood | - singlehood • Step Parenting • Single parents - Divorced - Never married • Gay and Lesbian Parents |
| Attention in Middle Adulthood | - more difficulties in: multitasking, focusing on relevant info, switching attention, connecting visual info, inhibition - may be linked to slower processing - experience, practice, training help adults compensate |
| Women's Work Patterns | • A majority of women move in and out of the work force at least once • Women who work continuously have higher salaries and achieve higher levels in their jobs • Women feel more role conflict between family and work roles than men do -When you add up hours spent working both in the home and outside, women work many more hours than men. |
| Erikson's Theory: Intimacy versus Isolation | Intimacy • Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner Isolation • Loneliness • Depression • Fragile Identity • Self-absorption • Enmeshment |
| Divorce Rates | • Stable since 1980s • 30% Canadian marriages - About 7% higher for remarriages soon after first marriage |
| Consequences of Divorce | .. |
| Memory in Middle Adulthood | • Information held in short-term memory decreases from 20s to 60s - Less use of memory strategies • Compensate with - Self-pacing - Strategy reminders - Relevant information • Few changes in: - Factual knowledge - Procedural knowledge -Metacognitive knowledge |
| Practical Problem Solving and Expertise | - evaluate real-world situations -achieve goals that have high uncertainty - helped by expertise --- can be looked at as post formal reasoning if another level was added to Piaget's work |
| Vocational Life and | Cognitive Development Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice Job, in turn, affects cognition - Complex work increases cognitive flexibility Link to SES Also seek intellectually stimulating leisure (eg rock climbing etc - cognitively adventurous people) |
| Work in Midlife | • Authority relations - Reformation phase - Leadership • Interpersonal skill development - Cooperative social climate - Upward and downward social comparisons • Meeting new skill demands - Substantive complexity |
| Substantive complexity | Degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgment. - low = less independence - high = more freedom & independence |
| Work Satisfaction | • Job satisfaction is at its peak • Men - Promotions have plateaued - Less likely to define themselves by their work - Satisfaction linked to objective standards of achievement • Women - If steady work began in 30s and 40s, still advancing - Satisfaction linked to whether career choice was determined by family commitments |
| Reasons for Career Changes in Midlife | • Career ends in mid-adulthood • Conflict between job and personal goals • Success in career has plateaued • Change in balance between family and work • Laid off in current career |
| Relationships at Midlife | • Many people have more close relationships than any other period of life - Children • "launching" - Parents - Friends • May take on role of family kinkeeper |
| Marriage in Middle Adulthood | • Review and adjust marriage -Many strengthen relationship - Some divorce • Strong marriage linked to psychological well-being |
| middle adulthood | 34-60 yrs |
| kinkeeper | usually female, The person who takes primary responsibility for celebrating family achievements, gathering the family together, and keeping in touch with family members who do not live nearby |
| Developmental Stages of the Family | • Early and middle childhood • Adolescence • Adult children • Grandparenthood |
| Caring for Aging Parents | the "sandwich generation" - generation of usually women who have to take care of their children and their parents as well - filial obligation - takes 20 additional hours a week taking care of additional ppl = burn out & stress |
| climacteric | the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends |
| filial obligation | The feeling that, as an adult, one must care for one's parents. - common in chinese populations |
| Relieving Caregiving Stress | • Use effective coping strategies • Seek social support • Use community resources (respite care, counselors, programs, temp/short term day cares, meals on wheels etc) |
| Burnout | - role overload - role conflict - role spillover |
| Secrets of Successful Intimate Relationships | • Individual characteristics - Low neuroticism, high conscientiousness and cheerfulness • Interpersonal interactions - Effective communication, ratio of positive to negative interactions (5:1) • Commitment |
| Commitment | the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a person |
| neuroticism | a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction - more negative emotions |
| conscientiousness | the degree to which someone is organized, hardworking, responsible, persevering, thorough, and achievement oriented |
| Siblings in Middle Adulthood | • Contact and support decline during middle adulthood • Still, often feel closer - girls usually remain closer to other siblings then males |
| Friendships in Middle Adulthood | .. |
| Erikson's Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation | Generativity Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation - mentoring, passing on + message and experience Commitment extends beyond self Stagnation Place own comfort and security above all Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed |
| Self-Perceptions in Midlife | • More complex, integrated self-descriptions • Increases in feelings of - Self-acceptance - Autonomy • More androgynous |
| Coping Improvements in Middle Adulthood | • Identifying positives • Postponing action during evaluation • Anticipation and planning • Humor • Integrating strengths and weaknesses • Confidence, experience |
| Big Five Personality Traits | • Neuroticism • Extroversion • Openness to Experience • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness |
| later adulthood | 60-75 |
| very old age | 75+ |
| life expectancy | - increasing in north america -- lower infant mortality -- lower adult deaths - group differences -- women live longer -- SES -- ethnicity |
| lower | life expectancy is ______ in native american & African american due to poverty, education, being prone to certain diseases etc |
| Primary aging | Genetically influenced declines Affects all members of species Even happens if health is good eg hearing, vision, wrinkles... unavoidable |
| Secondary aging | Declines due to heredity and environment Effects individualized Major contributor to frailty Illnesses and disabilities Arthritis Diabetes Mental disabilities eg choice to drink/smoke/exercise little/vigorous/eat high fat foods and its effects |
| Quality of Life | Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating - instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) -- conducting business of everyday life -- require cognitive competence -- shopping, food prep, housekeeping |
| Factors in a Long Life | Heredity Environment/Lifestyle Healthy diet, normal weight Exercise Low substance use Optimism Low stress Social support Community involvement |
| Longevity | Physical exercise has been clearly linked to: greater longevity lower rates of heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, and arthritis maintain higher levels of cognitive function Only 27% of older adults in Canada are active enough to achieve the desired health benefits associated with exercise |
| aging & the brain | - 4 main changes: 1. reduction in mass 2. a loss of grey matter (party u think with) 3. loss of density of dendrites*** 4. slower synaptic speed due to demylinization slower reaction times from: - loss of density plus speed - loss of redundancy (synaptic plasticity) when dendrites shrink in #, "computational power" declines & symptoms of old age appear |
| loss of density of dendrites | can be prevented by doing thinking activities (cross word puzzles) and physical activity |
| Visual Impairment | • Presbyopia (farsightedness) • Enlarged "blind spot" and reduced peripheral vision • Slower adaptability of pupil -- Poor night vision -- Difficulty adjusting to sudden changes in brightness • Cataracts and glaucoma |
| Presbyopia (farsightedness) | blood flow has been decreased to the retina |
| Hearing Loss | Hearing changes: • Presbycusis becomes more severe, especially loss of high-pitched sounds -- More common in men • Difficulties in word discrimination • Problems hearing under noisy conditions • Tinnitus (ringing in ears) |
| Other Senses | Taste does not decline, but sense of smell does Other changes in the taste system: less saliva flavours seem blander, but this is due to loss of the sense of smell A loss of sensitivity to touch Less responsive to cold and heat |
| Sleep and Aging | - do not need less sleep, but have more trouble getting it - earlier bedtime & wake up - insomnia - nighttime waking - naps |
| Alzheimer's Disease | - higher with age (nearly 50% over 80) - symptoms: forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections - brain changes: neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex - risk factors: genetic predispositions, high fat diet (mediterranean diet may help), education, active lifestyle may help |
| Associative Memory Declines in Late Adulthood | Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help |
| memory | 1. somantic - understanding words & vocab 2. eposidic - events & situations - changes the most 3. prospective - future events - changes the most |
| formal grandparent style | intimate but distant, dont want to parent, very involved |
| funseeker grandparent style | informal, sociable |
| Factors Related to Cognitive Change | Mentally active life Education, stimulating leisure, social participation, flexibility Health Retirement Distance to death Terminal decline |
| Stereotypes of Aging | ... |
| Le Troisieme Age | 0 to 30 = construction and learning 30 to 60 = enactment 60 + = reinvention |
| Grandparenthood | .. |
| Marriage in Late Adulthood | Satisfaction peaks in late adulthood Fewer stressful responsibilities Fairness in household tasks Joint leisure Emotional understanding, regulation If dissatisfied, harder for women |
| Widowhood | Most stressful event of life for many Few remarry; most live alone Must cope with loneliness Harder for men |
| Family and Friends | Most visit with adult children at least once a week Those that don't still telephone, send letters, and e-mail Siblings offer emotional support through reminiscences and companionship Friendships become more important, though they ecrease in number Sex differences in social networks are the same throughout life |
| Elder Maltreatment | Physical abuse Physical neglect Psychological abuse Sexual abuse Financial abuse |
| Decision to Retire | Retire Adequate retirement benefits Compelling leisure interests Low work commitment Declining health Spouse retiring Routine, boring job Keep Working Limited or no retirement benefits Few leisure interests High work commitment Good health Spouse working Flexible work schedule Pleasant, stimulating work |
| adjusting to retirement | - most ppl adapt well -- 30% report some adjustment difficulties - factors in adjustment: financial worries, workplace factors, spouse influence, sense of personal control, social support |
| Leisure Activities | Interests usually continue from earlier in life Choose personally gratifying pursuits Involvement in rewarding leisure linked to better health, reduced mortality Self-expression New achievements Helping others Social interactions |
| Successful Aging | Minimize losses and maximize gains Focus less on outcomes, more on processes and reaching personal goals Some factors controllable, others not Social policies can help |
| SOC: Selective Optimization with Compensation | Select Choose personally valued activities, avoid others Optimize Devote diminishing resources to valued activities Compensate Find creative ways to overcome limitations |
| Factors in Psychological Well-Being | Control versus dependency Health Poor health linked to depression Negative life changes Social support Social interaction |
| Reminiscence and Life Review | Reminiscence Telling stories about people, events, thoughts and feelings from past Obsessive: can deepen despair Instrumental: solidifies relationships and helps solve problems Life Review Considering the meaning of past experiences A form of reminiscence For greater self-understanding Can help adjustment |
| Erikson's Theory: Ego Integrity versus Despair | Ego Integrity Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements Serenity and contentment Associated with psychosocial maturity Despair Feel many decisions were wrong, but now time is too short Bitter and unaccepting of coming death Expressed as anger and contempt for others |
| Peck: Three Tasks of Ego Integrity | - ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation - body transcendence vs body preoccupation - ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation - coming to terms with the reality of death |
| Psychosocial Stage of Very Old Age | Immortality v. Extinction Develop symbolic sense of immortality: Live on through children Live on in afterlife Live on through lasting achievements Live on through participation in chain of nature Live on through experiential transcendence |
| Crystallized intelligence | The ability to bring knowledge accumulated through past learning and apply that knowledge to new situations is |
| The acceptance of one's life as it has been lived. | `The achievement of integrity in later adulthood requires |
| secondary aging | Heart disease from smoking cigarettes. |
| interpersonal skills | Which aspects of career management refers to such behaviors as working effectively in a group, influencing co-workers, communicating with clients or customers, and comparing oneself to others? |
| job flexibility | contributes to greater job satisfaction |
| menopause & culture | In cultures that admire older women, the symptoms of menopause are less severe. |
| Filial obligation | The sense of responsibility to care for one's aging parents is called |
| Generative motivation | The desire to have a positive impact on the world is referred to as |
| reciprocal roles | (early adult) requiring complementary role identities |
| life course | the integration & sequencing of phases of work & family life over time |
| trajectory | is the path of 1s life experiences in a specific domain |
| transition | is the beginning/ending of an event or role relationship |
| Non- love: | No itimacy, passion/commitment |
| like: | intimacy |
| infatuation: | passion |
| empty: | commitment |
| romantic: | intimacy, passion |
| companionate: | intimacy & commitment |
| fatuous: | passion & commitment |
| consumate: | has ALL itimacy, passion/commitment |
| self actualization | (meta-needs) poweful, growth oreintated motive |
| basic needs - maslows heirachy of needs | 1. physiological needs 2. safety & security 3. belonging & love 4. self-esteem. META NEEDS - SELF ACTUALIZATION |
| THE MATE SELECTION PROCESS | phase 1 - original attraction phase 2 - deeper attraction phase 3 - barriers to breakup (role campatibility & empathy) phase 4 - commitment MARRIAGE |
| dogamy | marriage within 1s well defined group |
| social evolutionary theory | suggests that men & women differ in features they empathsize in evaluating someone as a desirable partner |
| cohabitation | 1. marginal - cohabitation infrequent & short 2. prelude 2 marriage - test relationship 3. stage in the marriage process - see disadvantages of marriage 4. alternative to being single - postpone marriage & kids 5. alternative to being married - long relationship, easy transition to marriage & kids 6. indistinguishable from marriage - short, involve kids, transition into marriage |
| consensual union | without a civil or religious marriage |
| coercive escalation | style of interaction in which the probability that a negatice remark will b followed by another |
| congruence | between partners who find a resolution to conflict lack of is related to marital dissatisfaction & distress |
| contactful | open to the other persons point of view |
| controlling interactions | 1 person expresses point of view & does not take the others into consideration |
| demand withdraw pattern | 1 nags, criticizes & demands the other to change while the other avoids confrontation |
| lifestyle | is a social psychological construct that integrates personality characteristics, goals convinctions, and inner conflicts w social oppurtunities & resources |
| width of life | is the busyness |
| depth of life | is the sense of purpose/meaning |
| transient lonliness | lasts a short time and passes |
| situational lonliness | sudden loss or move |
| exclusivity | (intimate) shut out others |
| glick effect | ppl who dropped out of shcool have higher divorce rates |
| substantive complexity | the degree to which the work requires thought, independant judgment & frequent decision making |
| role spillover | demand or preoccuptions about one role interfere w the ability to carry out another role |
| dual centric | ppl who put the same emphasis & prority on their work & personal lives |
| climacteric | involution & atrphy of the reproductive organs happens to women in their 40-50s |
| filial obligation | 1. helping understand resources 2. giving emotional support 3. talking over matter of importance |
| generativity | encompasses procreativity, productivity, & creativity = new beings & new ideas |
| generativity vs stagnation phases | 1. generative desire/motivation 2. a belief in 1s capacity for gen action 3. subjective sense of gen accomplishment |
| mid adulthood | generativity vs stagnation |
| stangation | lack of psychological movement or growth |
| narcissistic ppl | adults who devote energy & skills only to self & their satisfaction |
| societal stagnation | is shown by workplace discrimination |
| intellectual vigor | redirecting energy to new roles & activities |
| important in life satisfaction | 1. high demand ppl had many goals ass w 2. age prescribed ppl care about safety, security & dependance 3. self focused ppl cared about easy life 4. socially engaged ppl cares about independance & maintaining social rel & roles 5. low demand ppl have few goals except for lower activity & disengaging |
| extroversion | sociability, vigor, sensation seeking & + emotions |
| neuroticism | anxiety, hostility, impulsiveness |
| SOC model | - selection: identifyiong the oppurtunities or domains of activity that are most important - optimization: allocating & refining resources to achieve higher functioning - compensation: under cond of reduced resources forming strategies |
| postformal thought | - greater resilence on reflection of self, emotions, values & situations -willing to have diff approaches - ability to draw personal knowledge to find pragmatic solutions - aware of life contradictions - flexible cognition & emotions - enthuasiasm in seeking answers |
| crystallized intell | ability to brnig knowledge accumulated though past |
| liquid intell | ability to impose organization on info & generate new hypothesis |
| intergenerational solidarity | closeness & commitment within the parent-child & grandparent-grandchild rel |
| affectional solidarity | feelings of affection & emo closeness |
| associational solidarity | agreement in opinons & expectatiosn |
| functional solidarity | giving & receiving emo & instrumental support |
| structural solidarity | geography proximity that would allow for interaction |
| patterns of adaptation during widowhood | - common grief - chronic grief - chronic depression - depression followed by imporvments - resilience |
| later adult leisure activities | - gardening - volunteering - exercising |
| integrity | ability to accept the facts of 1s life & face death without great fear |
| later adulthood | integrity vs despair |
| wisdom | fundamental pragmatics of life 1. factual knowledge 2. procedural knowledge - strategies 3. life span contectualism - events 4. relativism of values & life goals - appreciate differences in individuals 5. recognition & managment of uncertainity - realize that future cannot be predicted |
| disdain | rejection of ideas & persons & an arrogance that implies that 1s own opinions & views are superior |
| old-old | have suffered major physical or mental decrements |
| very old age changes | - brain weight - cardiac ouput - nerve conduction -kidney filtration - basal metabolic rate - max breathing cap |
| behavioral slowing | (very old age) reaction time, prob solving, mem skills, info processing |
| visual adaptation | (very old age) pupil size decreases |
| organic brain syndromes | (very old age) most diff health issue = confusion, disorientation, loss of control over basic ADLs, obsticals for adaptation |
| psycholhistorical perspective | integration or past, present & future |
| successful agers | - avoid disease - engagment with life - maintain high cognitive physical function |
| affiliative values | values p;laced on helping or pleasing others |
| instrumental values | values placed on doing things that are challenging |
| very old age | immortality vs extinction |
| experiential transcendence | (immortality) perceptual |
| cosmic transcendence | (immortality) duality of life and death dissapear |
| norm of reciprocity | one good deed deserves another |
| diffidence | inability to act b cuz of overwhelming self doubt |
| frailty | dependency |
| instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) | shopping, meal prep, housework, transportation, telephone |
| collective efficay | combines strong sense of social cohension w a high level of informal social control |
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