Psych Unit 2
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 measures of central tendency | describing average or most typical score in data set |
| mean | most sensitive to outliers |
| median | middle of scores score in ordered set with half above and half below |
| mode | most frequently occurring number |
| frequency distributions | orderly arrangements of scores that indicate how frequently each score/set of scores occur |
| normal/symmetrical | bell shaped curve mean, median, mode all in center (not the same but similar) |
| positively skewed | mean pulled to right of median and mode mean higher than median and mode mode doesn't change a lot mean changes a lot |
| negatively skewed | mean pulled to left of median and mode mean less than median and mode mean changes a lot mode doesn't change a lot |
| variability | dispersion; describes spread of scores - set of data |
| range | subtract highest and lowest scores |
| variance | square root of the standard deviation |
| standard deviation | how far scores fall from the mean variance squared normal bell curve: -68% in 1 SD -95% in 2 SD -99% in 3 SD |
| z-scores | relative position above or below mean measure distance of score from mean in units of standard deviation |
| significance test | used to come up with conclusions of the population based on the sample use hypothesis testing |
| alternative/research | in experiment the independent variable will have an effect on the experimental group |
| null | in experiment the independent variable will have no effect on the experiment group |
| statistically significant | decide if the groups were affect by treatment of chance |
| level of significance | cutoff point a place where you want to see your results be 3% or 5% |
| type 1 error | reject null hypothesis false positive p-value: corresponds to level of significance |
| type 2 error | accept null hypothesis false negative no difference between 2 groups |
| hindsight bias | i knew it all along view outcomes as predictable after they happen |
| overconfidence | being more confident about knowledge than you are correct about it overestimating accuracy of our beliefs, judgments happens when we think we know more than we actually do |
| curiosity | mental processes and behavior |
| curious skepticism | proof of behavior and why its caused |
| humility | willing to admit you are wrong |
| critical thinking | smart thinking includes looking at assumptions, evaluating evidence given, and assessing conclusions |
| scientific method | observations theroy testable hypothesis test hypothesis: cause-effect statement operational definitions |
| operational definitions | allow for replication of research a statement of how you used or defined your variables |
| case study | analyzing a small group or one person useful for unusual, infrequent behaviors thorough description of behavior can't generalize findings observer bais no cause-effect statement |
| survey | asking pre-determined questions to a preselected group get lots of information respondents may not be representative of targeted group response bias false-consensus effect |
| response bias | people will lie to your face |
| false-concensus effect | tend to overestimate how many people hold the same beliefs as you do |
| naturalistic observation | studying behavior in natural environment behaviors is spontaneous get future study ideas behavior may only occur one time hawthorne/reactivity effect observer bias |
| hawthorn/reactivity effect | people act differently when they know they are being watched |
| correlation | investigating and clarifying naturally occurring relationships between variables no causation 2 variables related - 1 goes up and one goes down |
| least correlation | 0 dots have no relationship |
| perfectly positive | +1 both variables go up |
| perfectly negative | -1 one variable goes up and the other goes down |
| illusory correlation | perceiving relationship between variables when none exist occurs because we want to make sense of the world |
| experimentation | experimenter manipulates events and measures effects on behaviors uses cause-effect statement get subject through sampling |
| representative sample | pick people that have similar characteristics to the group that you want to know about |
| stratified sample | population divided into number of non-overlaping groups random sampling used to get proportional number of people from each group |
| control group | used to compare to experimental group |
| experimental group | get the treatment independent variable |
| double-blind procedure | 3rd party comes in to assign subjects to groups neither experimenter nor subjects know who's in what group eliminates experimenter bias |
| single-blind procedure | experimenter assigns people to groups so they don't know eliminates demand characteristics |
| independent variable | gets treatment the one that is manipulated cause something to happen |
| dependent variable | outcome measured shows effects of independent variable |
| confounding variable | anything else besides the independent variable that can have some sort of effect on the dependent variable |
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