AP Biology- Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration)
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fermentation | a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen; a catabolic process |
| Anaerobic respiration | a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is not consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| Cellular respiration | the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP; but it is also a synonym for aerobic respiration |
| Aerobic Respiration | a catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel; the most efficient catabolic pathway |
| Oxidation | the loss of electrons from a substance |
| Reduction | the addition of electrons to a substance |
| Redox | oxidation-reduction reactions |
| Oxidizing agent | the electron acceptor |
| NAD+ | a coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain |
| Electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Phosphorylation | refers to the process of a molecule being covalently bonded to a phosphate group |
| Glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate |
| Citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration; electron transport and chemiosmosis; "industrial" way of making ATP |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism; occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
| Acetyl CoA | the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor (any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme) |
| FAD | an electron carrier; a coenzyme derived from riboflavin, a B vitamin |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | the compartment in mitochondria that is enclosed by the intermembrane space |
| Cristae | inner foldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria |
| Intermembrane space | The narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria |
| Cytochrome | an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells |
| Proton pump | An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient generating a membrane potential in the process |
| Proton gradient | a gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane |
| Chemiosmosis | the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP |
| Electrochemical gradient | the diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential |
| Proton-motive force | the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis |
| ATP synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells |
| Obligate aerobe | An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it |
| Obligate anaerobe | An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it |
| Facultative anaerobe | an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present |
| Alcohol fermentation | a type of fermentation where the pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps |
| Lactic acid fermentation | a type of fermentation where the pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 |
| Beta oxidation | a metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
| Mitochondrion | an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
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